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Bulletin No. 21. Agros. 6i.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY.
[Graas and Forage Plant Investigations.]

STUDIESX*

ON

AMEKICAN GKASSES.

^ THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES
OF CHiETOCHLOA.

in-
F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER and ELMER D. MERRILL.

ISSXJEr) MiARCH 8, 1900.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1900.

Bulletin No. 21.

• Agros. 61.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

DIVISION OP^ AGROSTOLOGY.
[Orass and Forntje Plant Invesli&iaiions.]

STUDIES

ON

AMERICAN GRASSES

THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES
OF CHiETOCHLOA.

BV

F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER and ELMER D. MERRILL.

ISSXJED ]Vr^RCH[ 8, 1900.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
19-00.

x5

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U. S. Department of Agriculture,

Division of Agrostology,
Washington^ D. 6*1, January 15^ 1900.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith and recommend for pub-
lication as Bulletin No. 21 of this Division, and under the general title
of "Studies on American Grasses," a revision of the North American
species of Chcetochloa.

In our manuals of the plants of the northern United States four spe-
cies of Chcetochloa are described, all introduced, three being common
weeds, the fourth an occasional escape from cultivation. In Chap-
man's Southern Flora two additional and presumably native species
are enmnerated. In the paper here presented 28 North American spe-
cies are described, 23 of which are natives of this continent. Six
of the species enumerated are published here for the first time.

Acknowledgments are due Dr. B. L. Robinson, curator of the Gray
Herbarium, for the loan of specimens and assistance in looking up
authorities, etc., and to J. H. Burchell, of the Kew Herbarium, for
assistance in the determinations by making comparisons with t3'pe
material.

Respectfully, F. Lamson-Sgribner,

Agi'ostologist.

Hon. James Wilson, »

Secretary of Agriculture.

CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction 5

Analytical key to the species 7

North American grasses which have been wrongly referred to the genus

Chsetochloa (Setaria) 40

Doubtful and unknown species credited to North America 40

3

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page.

Fig. 1. Chsetochloa glauca (L.) Scribn 9

2. Cheetochloa imberbis penicillata (Nees) Scribn. & Merrill 12

3. Chsetochloa purpurascens (H. B. K.) Scribn. & Merrill 13

4. Chsetochloa gracilis (H. B. K.) Scribn. & Merrill 14

5. Chsetochloa brevispica Scribn. & Merrill I5

6. Chsetochloa verticillata (L.) Scribn ■ 16

7. Chsetochloa ambigua (Guss.) Scribn. & Merrill 18

8. Chsetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn I9

9. Chastochloa italica (L.) Scribn 20

10. Chsetochloa magna (Griseb.) Scribn 21

11. Chsetochloa corrugata (Ell.) Scribn 23

12. Chsetochloa corrugata parviflora (Poir. ) Scribn. & Merrill 24

13. Chsetochloa hispida Scribn. & Merrill 25

14. Chsetochloa leucopila Scribn. & Merrill 26

15. Chsetochloa composita (H. B. K.) Scribn 28

16. Chsetochloa macrostachj^a (H. B. K.) Scribn. & Merrill 29

17. Chsetochloa latifolia Scribn 32

18. Chsetochloa macrosperma Scribn. & Merrill 33

19. Chsetochloa villosissima Scribn. & Merrill 34

20. Chsetochloa grisebachii (Fourn. ) Scribn 35

21. Chsetochloa grisebachii ampla Scribn. & Merrill 36

22. Chsetochloa polystachya (Scheele) Scribn. & Merrill 37

23. Chsetochloa caudata (Lam.) Scribn 38

24. Chsetochloa setosa (Swartz) Scribn 39

4

THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF CHJITOCHLOA.

INTRODUCTION.

The North American species of Chcetochloa have long been unsatis-
factorily identified, and the present revision is offered in the hope of
clearing up much of the existing confusion in this genus. It was at
first proposed to consider only those species native of or introduced
into the United States, but as the Mexican and West Indian species
were found to be in an even more unsatisfactory condition than those
of the United States, it seemed advisable to include such of these
species as were represented in the material at hand.

In North America there are 28 species of Chcetochloa^ 6 of which
are here published for the first time. Of these 28 species, 23 are
native of North America, the remaining 5 having been introduced from
Europe, of which 3 are cosmopolitan weeds found in the temperate
regions of both hemispheres.

From an economic standpoint the genus takes high rank through the
extensive cultivation of C. italica,, various forms of which, under the
names of millet, Hungarian grass, etc., are widely cultivated in this
country as soiling or forage crops, and are among the oldest cultivated
crops of the world, record having been found of its cultivation in China
as early as 2700 B. C. In Europe its cultivation dates from prehistoric
times, as the grain is found in abundance in the debris of the Lake
Dwellings of the Stone Age in Switzerland.

The species are for the most part readily distinguished, except in
the group represented by C. imherbis^ which is extremely variable and
is found in the warmer regions in both hemispheres. In general the
details of the spikelets in this group are very similar, the variation
being chiefly in the length and color of the panicles and setifi and in
the vegetative characters. C. gracilis and C. purpurascetis are here
recognized as valid species, as they have certain constant characters by
which they can be readily distinguished from related species. C
inacrostacliya., originally described from Mexican material and since
credited to Asia and Australia, is confined to America, the Asiatic
forms referred to this species are now referred to Ch^tochloa for-
BESIANA (Nees) n. comb. {Panicwn fovhesianum Nees) and the Aus-
tralian form, which is very distinct from C. macrostachija, is here
proposed as a new species. C composita^ a common southwestern

5

6

grass, has long been referred by botanists to C. caadata and C setosa^
from both of which it is very distinct.

"The name Setaria^ which has been taken up by many botanists for
a nmnber of well-known weedy grasses with dense, spike-like, bristly
panicles, was first applied b}" Beauvois (Flora Oware et Benin.) to a spe-
cies of Pennisetum. At an earlier date the name was employed by
Acharius to designate a genus of lichens. According to all rulfes of
botanical nomenclature, this last fact renders the name untenable for
designating a genus of flowering plants; and were this not the case,
its first application to a species of Pennisetum placed it at once among
the synon3aiis, which, according to recent rulings, would debar its
further use. Some botanists have referred the grasses in question to
the genus Panicum,, from the species of which they differ only in the
presence of setse issuing from the pedicels of the spikelets below their
articulation. It is this character, combined with their inflorescence,
which led them to be separated from Panicwm^ in which genus the
earlier described species were first placed. The taking up of the
name ChamwrapMs^ a genus established b}" R. Brown upon certain
Australian and south Asiatic grasses having spikelets like those of
Panicuin^ but with the partial rachis of the inflorescence produced
into long awn-like points beyond the insertion of the upper or only
spikelet, appears to have been ill advised, and the more recent adop-
tion of Lropliorim for Setaria is equall}^ so. The latter genus, Ixo-
phorus^^ possesses well-marked characters of generic value, and the
same is true of ChamierajyJus. Neither of these names can be taken
up for Setaria^ unless they are used in a very broad sense to include
all the species of ^rt/wci«/^ thrown by Steudel into the section Setaria j
that is, those species, as Schlechtendal states it, having '''' sjpiculcB in
axibus inflorescentiae, va/rice evolutis pedicellatce sessilesve, axium ster-
ilyimi, setas (Bmulantium majore minoreve copia cmn s^nculis nascente.^''
This would bring together a heterogeneous assemblage of species, the
natural result of the adoption of characters too artificial, which, with
our present ideas of genera, would be much more easily and more
systematically treated if divided into genera upon more natural and
genetic characters. While our Setarias, so called, might, under a
broad conception of the genus Panicum^ be referred to it, they seem
to form a well-marked group, as indicated by the characters noted
above, which it seems best to maintain as a genus, under the new name
ChcBtocJdoa.^'''^

CHiETOCHLOA Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros. Bui. 4: 38 (1897). Setaria
Beauv. Agrost. 113 (1812), in part, not Fl. Oware et Benin. 2: 80 (1807),
nor Acharius (1798) . Chamicraphis Kuntze in part, not R. Br. Ixophorus Nash
(1895) , not Schlecht. (1861-62) .

1 Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros. Bui. 4: 1. (1897.)
2 Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros. Bui. 4: 38. (1897.)

Spikelets hermaphrodite, usually 1-flowered. Glumes 4, the outer 3 membranous,
the third often subtending a hyaline palea and rarely a staminate flower, the
fourth or flowering glume chartaceous, smooth or transversely rugose, inclosing
a palea of similar texture. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, elongated; setje persist-
ent, single or in clusters below the articulation of the raehilla; stigmas plumose.
Grain free, inclosed within the glimies and palea.

Annual or perennial grasses with erect culms, flat leaves, and dense, cylindrical, or
some\\hat open bristly panicles.

Species about 40 in the tropical and more temperate regions of both hemispheres.

ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE SPECIES.

1. Setfe 5 to 16 at the base of each spikelet, involucrate 2

1. Setfe 1 to 3 at the base of each spikelet, not involucrate 5

2. Annual; setpe short, tawny-yellow 1 C. glauca.

2. Perennial, from short creeping rootstocks 3

3. Seta; short, once or twice as long as the spikelets; panicles slender 4

3. Seta; generally elongated, spreading; panicles thick 2 C. imberbis.

(rt) Setae very long, yellow or purple var. penicillata.

(h) Plants not cfespitose; culms naked and wiry at the base; spikelets purplish

var. perennis.

(c) Plants robust, glaucous; culms erect; leaves long, rigid, erect; panicles pale

green, elongated var. streptobotrys.

(fZ) Plants robust; culms geniculate; panicles 6 to 12 cm. long, yellowish

var. g-eniculata.

4. Leaves narrow, linear, elongated; panicle very slender, pale 4 C. gracilis.

4. JLeaves linear-lanceolate, short; panicle thicker, usnially purplish

3 C. purpurascens.

5. Second glume equaling the flowering glume in length 6

5. Second glume shorter than the flowering glume 15

6. Setae antrorsely scabrous 7

6. Setae retrorsely scabrous, wholly or in part 13

7. Flowering glmne strongly transversely undulate-rugose 12 C. longipila.

7. Flowering glume smooth, or at least only punctate or striate, not rugose 8

8. Panicle dense, cylindrical; branches short, approximate, densely flowered... 9

8. Panicle lax; branches remote, generally elongated, few-flowered 12

9. Flowering glume very smooth, glossy; plants robust, 18 to 36 dm. high

11 C. magna.

9. Flowermg glume more or less roughened, not glossy; plants less than 18 dm.
high 10

10. Axis of the inflorescence scabrous; branches subverticillate 8 C. ambigua.

10.' Axis of the inflorescence pilose; branches alternate 11

11. Panicles 2 to 8 cm. long, 1 cm. or less thick; spikelets 2 mm. long, much exceeded

by the usually green setae - 9 C. viridis.

11. Panicles 5 to 20 cm. long, 1 to 3 cm. thick; spikelets about 2.3 mm. long,

equaled or exceeded by the usually purple setae; cultivated 10 C. italica.

(a) Culms 3 to 9 dm. high; panicle 1 cm. in diameter; setae long, purple, rarely
crreen var. germanica.

12. Spikelets 3 mm. long 24 C. villosissima.

12. Spikelets 2 mm. long 25 C. grisebachii.

13. Setae retrorsely scabrous above, antrorsely scabrous at the base; leaves pubes-

cent 7 C. scandens.

13. Setae retrorsely scabrous throughout; leaves scabrous 14

14. Panicles 1.5 to 3 cm. long, 1 cm. thick, purplish 5 C. ■brevispica.

8

14. Panicles 5 to 18 em. long, tapering to xhe obtuse apex, green, rarely pur-

plish 6 C. verticillata.

15. Spikelets 3 mm. long 16

15. Spikelets less than 3 mm. long 18

16. Leaves smooth or scabrous 17

16. Leaves pilose-pubescent 24 C. villosissima.

17. Leaves lanceolate, 10 to 20 mm. wide; panicle loose; branches elongated, few-

flowered 23 C. macrosperma.

17. Leaves linear, glaucous, 2 to 5 mm. wide; panicle subspiciform; branches densely

flowered 18 C. composita.

18. Inflorescence spike-hke, dense ; branches very short, approximate 19

18. Inflorescence lax, mterrupted ; branches more or less elongated 24

19. Flowering glume strongly transversely imdulate-rugose 20

19. Flowering glume smooth or only finely transversely wrinkled 23

20. Leaves smooth or scabrous 13 C. corrugata.

(a) Spikes 5 to 7 cm. long; setee usually purplish, spreading. . var. parviflora.

20. Leaves pubescent or pilose ! 21

21. Leaves lanceolate, acute, 12 to 15 mm. wide; set« long 21 C. latifolia.

(a) Leaves 10 mm. wide or less; setae short var. breviseta.

21. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, about 5 mm. wide 22

22. Culms pilose with scattered hairs ; fertile palea nearly plane 15 C. hispida.

22. Culms smooth ; fertile palea strongly convex 14 C. gibbosa.

23. Leaves pilose ; plants 2 to 3 dm. high 16 C. leucopila.

23. Leaves smooth or scabrous, glaucous'; plants robust, 4 to 9 dm. high

18 C. composita.

24. Seta3 antrorsely and more sparingly retrorsely scabrous 17 C. onurus.

24. Setae antrorsely scabrous only 25

25. Flowering glume very strongly transversely undulate-rugose 26

25. Flowering glume smooth or only finely transversely wrinkled 27

26. Leaves and rachis pilose 21 C. latifolia.

26. Leaves and rachis scabrous 22 C. liebmanni.

(a) Branches of the panicle very short ; leaves 1 dm. long or less, 8 to 10
mm. wide var. pauciflora.

27. Leaves hnear 28

27. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate 29

28. Leaves glaucous; panicle pale, obtuse at the apex. 18 C. composita.

28. Leaves pubescent; panicle long-attenuate at the apex 27 C. caudata.

29. Panicle subcylindrical ; branches densely flowered 30

29. Panicle more lax; branches loosely few-flowered 31

30. Margins of the sheaths smooth; setae short 20 C. rigida.

30. Margins of the sheaths ciUate-f ringed; setae long, spreading

19 C. macrostachya.

31. Flowering glume manifestly transversely wrinkled 32

31. Flowering glume smooth or only pitted or striate 25 C. grisebachii.

(o) Plants densely csespitose, less than 1 dm. high var. mexicana.

(6) Plants robust, 5 to 8 dm. high; branches of the panicle elongated, spreading,
the lower ones 2 to 3.5 cm. long var. ampla.

32. Panicle long-attenuate at the apex; branches strict, erect; leaves pubescent

28 C. setosa.

32. Panicle obtuse at the apex; branches spreading; leaves smooth or pilose

26 C. polystachya.

9

A. Seta; 5 to 16, involucrate.
^Annual.

1. Clisetocliloa glauca^ (L.) Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros. Bui 4: 39 (1897).
Paiikitiu glaurum L. Sp. PI. 56 (1753). Setaria gkiuca Beany. Agrost. 51 (1812).
Chamseraphis glauca Kuntze Eev. Gen. PI. 2: 767 (1891) . Ixophorus glaucus Nash
Bui. Torr. Bot. Club 22: 423 (1895). (Fig. 1.)

All erect or ascending somewhat ctespitose, glaucous annual 3 to 12 dm. high, with
flat, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate leaves, and dense, bristly, cylindrical, spike-
like, yellowish panicles 2 to 10 cm. long. Culms branching at the base, genicu-
late, compressed, glabrous;
nodes brown, smooth ; sheaths
glabrous, loose, compressed,
• margins hyaline, smooth;
liguleshortjciliate; leaf blades
0.5 to 1.5 dm. long, 4 to 8 mm.
wide, long-acmninate, glau-
cous, nearly glabrous, or sca-
brous on the upper surface
and margins, generally pilose,
with scattered long white
hairs at the base. Panicles
dense, linear-ovate, obtuse,
about 1 cm. in diameter;
rachis angular, pubescent;
setie involucrate, 5 to 12 at
'each spikelet, straight, or
subflexuous, imequal, an-
trorsely scabrous, yellow, 3
to 8 mm. long. Spikelets
broadly ovate, 3 mm. long, 2
mm. broad, acute or obtuse;
first glume one-third to one-
half as long as the spikelet,
acute, 3-nerved ; second glume
one-half to two-thirds as long
as the spikelet, broadly ovate,
acute, 5-nerved, the mid-nerve
excurrent, the lateral ones
anastomosing with it; third
glume 5-nerved, equalmg the
flowering glume, subtending
a broadly-lanceolate, hyaline
palea nearly its own length;
flowering glume broad-ovate,
acute, 2.5 mm. long, striate, transversely undulate-rugose, the inclosed palea
broad, convex at the base, concave above, transversely striate.

Li waste places and cultivated grounds widely distributed in North America. Natu-
ralized from Europe. July-September.

Fig. 1. — Cheetochloa glauca: a, view of the spikelet showing
the setae ; 6, spikelet showing the lirst aud third glumes.

• Ch^tochloa apiculata sp. nov.

An erect, caespitose, perennial (?) , 2 to 4 dm. high, with rather rigid leaves, large
spikelets, and long, erect setje. Culms slender, slightly geniculate and generally
much branched at the base, glabrous or slightly scabro'us; nodes smooth^ sheaths

10

Specimexs examined.— 0«a?wf; Macoun 1884. Maine: Rumford, Parlin 1889;
Auburn, Merrill 1898. New Hampshire: Jaffrey, 284 Robinson 1897. Massachu-
setts: Great Barrington, Pollard 1894; South Hadley, Clark 1887. Connecticut:
South Glastonbury, 25 Wilson 1892. New York: Oxford, Coville 1884; New-
York, Kenyon 1889. New Jersey: Weehawken, Van Sickle 1895. Pennsylvania:
Conewago, Small; Philadelphia, Smith; Easton, Porter 1896. Delaware: 146
Commons 1897. District of Columbia: Vasey 1885. Ohio: Ricksecker 1894.
Michigan: Keweenaw Co., 537 Farwell 1886. Tennessee: Knoxville, Scribner.
loiua: Fayette Co., Fink 1894; Ames, 180 Ball 1896. Kansas: Manhattan, Bass-
ler, 1883; Riley Co., 575 Norton 1895. Missouri: 266 Eggert 1886. Wisconsin:
Oshkosh, Random 1896. South Dakota: Bellefourche, 366 Griffiths 1897; Red-
field, 221 Griffiths 1897; Frankfort, 54 Griffiths 1897. North Carolina: Magnetic,
City, Wetherby 1895. ^fe6«mo.- McCarthy 1888. Louisiana: Ascension, 1409
Combs 1898; Rayville, 23a Ball 1898; Calhoun, 44 Ball 1898; Shreveport, 97 Ball

1898.

**Perennial.

2. Chaetochloa imberbis (Poir.) Scribn. ; U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros. Bui. 4: 37

(1897). Pamcw?HMnfea-&e Poir. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 272(1817). Panicum. Isevigatum
Muhl. in Elliott Sk. Bot. S. Car. & Ga. 1: 112 (1817). Clurtorhloa larigata
Scribn. Chictochloa jjerennis (Curtiss) Bicknell Bui. Torr. Bot. Club 25 : 107 (1898) .
An erect or ascending, more or less caespitose, glabrous perennial, 3 to 7 dm.' high,
from short, creeping rootstocks, with linear-lanceolate leaves and dense,
exserted, cylindrical panicles. Culms slender, compressed, generally somewhat
geniculate at the base, scabrous below the i^anicle, otherwise very smooth;
nodes glabrous; sheaths glabrous, compressed, the lower much longer than the
internodes, imbricate, distichous, smooth on the hyaline margins; ligule ciliate,
with very short hairs; leaf-blades 1 to 3 dm. long, 3 to 7 mm. wide, scarcely
narrowed at the base, long-tapering to the apex, slightly scabrous on the upper
surface and margins, glabrous below, sometimes with a few long white hairs at the
throat. Panicles dense, spike-like, 2 to 5 cm. long, nearly 1 cm. in diameter,
exclusive of the setae; rachis angular, pubescent; branches short, contiguous,
1 or rarely 2-flowered; setae 8 to 12, involucrate, spreading, 5 to 10 mm. long,
unequal, slender, pale, yellowish or sometimes purplish, finely antrorsely sca-
brous. Spikelets ovate, acute, 2 to 2.5 mm. long; first glume about one-third
as long as the spikelet, ovate, acute or obtuse, 3-nerved; second glume one- half
to two-thirds as long as the spikelet, ovate, acute, 5 to 7 nerved, the mid-nerve
excurrent, the lateral ones anastomosing or abruptly vanishing in the hyaline
margin ; third glume equaling the flowering glume and slightly inclosing it by

about equaling the nodes, striate, glabrous, margins hyaline, smooth; ligule very
short, ciliate-f ringed ; leaf-blades plane or becoming involute in drying, 1 to 3
dm. long, 3 to 6 mm. wide, long, slender, acuminate, scabrous, usually bearded
with few long white hairs at the throat and sparingly pilose. Panicles pale,
dense, cylindrical, spiciform, 2 to 5 cm. long, 5 to 6 mm. in diameter; rachis
pubescent; branches very short, generally 1-flowered; setae 6 to 10, involu-
crate, spreading-erect, 1 to 1.5 cm. long, antrorsely scabrous, pale. Spikelets 3 to
3.5 mm. long, broadly ovate, acute, apiculate; first glume one-half as long as the
spikelet, narrowly cordate, acuminate, 5-nerved; second glume about as long as
the spikelet, 7-nerved, acute, apiculate; third glume equaling the si:)ikelet, sili-
cate, 7-nerved, subtending a lanceolate, hyaline palea nearly its own length;
flowering ghinie l)roadly ovate or rotmid-ovate, acute, apiculate, strongly trans-
versely undulate-rugose, the inclosed palea nearly smooth, plane.

Australia.

Type specimen collected by F. von Mueller, Victoria River, Queensland. Distributed
under the name ,Setaria glauca Beauv., Ijut at once distinguished by its narrower
leaves, long setae, larger spikelets, longer first and second ghunes, and more
strongly rugose flowering glume, all the glumes being promiueutly apiculate.

11

its infolded margins, acute, apiculate, 5-nerved, sulcate, subtending a broad,
hyaline palea of its own length; flowering glume elliptical-ovate, acute, striate,
finely transversely rugose for its whole length, the inclosed palea slightly convex
at the base, plane or concave above.
In moist soil, New Jersey to Florida and Texas, north to Kansas and Missouri;

Mexico, West Indies, South America. May-October.
Specimens examined.— i\'<'?(' Jersey: Holmes 1890. North Carolina: Biltmore, 6026a
Biltmore Herb. 1898; no locality, McCarthy 1889. South Carolina: Santee Canal,
Ravenel. Georgia: Augusta, 200 Kearney 1895. Florida: Duval Co., 3614 Cur-
tiss 1883; Jacksonville, 4745 Curtiss 1894, 5411Curtiss 1895, 19 Combs 1898; Bay
Head, 659 Combs 1898; Cedar Key, 775 Combs 1898; Eustis, 566 Nash 1894.
Alabama: Mobile, 42, 58 Kearney 1895. Mimssippi: Chandeleur Island, Tracy
1897; Agricultural College, 34 Kearney 1896; Starkville, 22 Kearney 1896; Loui-
siana: New Orleans, 343 Kearney 1896; Oberlin, 218 Ball 1898; Pointe-a-la-Hache,
54 Langlois 1883. Indian Territory: Verdigris, 744 Bush 1894. Texas: Hamp-
stead, 840 Hall 1872; Bexar Co., 207 Jermy; Pinto Creek, Kinney Co., 82 Hill 1895;
Kerrville, 1889 Heller 1894; Home Canyon, 423 Carleton 1891 ; Houston, 15 Engel-
mann 1842; Ennis, Smith 1897; Dallas, Reverchon 1875; without locality, C.
Wright 1849; Nealley 1884; Reverchon 1879, 1883. Nerv Mexico: Drummond, 984
Fendler 1847. West. Indies: St. Thomas, 185 Eggers 1880. Cuba: 3888 Wright
1865. Puerto Rico: 208 Sintenis 1884. Mexico: 536 Gregg 1848-49; Cuicatlan,
1652 Nelson 1894; Guadalajara, 246 Palmer 1886. Lower California: San Jose del
Cabo, 15 Brandegee 1890.
Very readily distinguished from C. glauca (L.) Scribn., to which it has been referred
as a variety and with which it is confused, by its perennial roots, longer, glabrous
leaves, longer setse and smaller spikelets.
This variable species has long passed under the name Seiaria laevigata, but from care-
ful consideration it would seem that imberbis is the proper name. Trinius (Icon,
t. 196, Fig. A) says in his description of the plate that Fig. A is Setaria gracilis
Kunth, which can hardly be a synonym of Panicum imberbe Poir.,^ but below in
referring to the plate he calls Fig. A Setaria imberbis; hence the confusion regard-
ing this species. Poiret in his original description says that the specimens on
which he based this species were from Carolina, Puerto Rico, and Brazil, and
that they differed from Panicum glaucum of Europe not only in having the bris-
tles of the involucre longer, but also by the leaves being destitute of hairs at the
apex of the sheaths.
Chsetochloa gracilis, the slender form of Trinius t. 196, does not grow naturally north
of Texas, and, moreover, it can not be Poiret' s Panicum imberbe, as is seen from
the original description.
CH-fflTOCHLOA IMBERBIS PENICILLATA (Nees) n. comb. Panicum pen-

icillcdum Nees. Agrost. Bras. 242 (1829). (Fig. 2.)
An erect or ascending perennial, sometimes rooting at the lower nodes, with panicles
3 to 12 cm. long, and long, widely spreading yellow, brown, or purplish setee,
otherwise as in the type.
In fields and pine woods Georgia to Texas, Mexico, and South America.
Specimens examined. — Georgia: Augusta, 227 Kearney 1895; Savannah, 186 Kear-
ney 1895. Florida: Waldo, 702 Combs 1898; Lake City, 83, 179 Combs & Rolfs
1899; Monticello, 346 Combs 1898; Old Town, 877 Combs 1898; Quincy, 396
Combs 1898; Apalachicola, 116 Kearney 1895.. Louisiana: Pointe-a-la-Hache,
55 Langlois 1880; Calhoun, 41 Ball 1898. Mississippi: Ocean Springs, 1105. Pol-
lard 1896; Biloxi, 217 Kearney 1896. Texas: Ennis, J. G. Smith 1897, without
locality; Hall 1872; Nealley 1887.

^ Cujus syn. vix erit P. imberbe Poir.

12

CHiETOCHLOA IMBERBIS PERENNIS (Hall) n. comb. Setaria perennis

Hall, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. 13: 102 (1893). Chsetochloa versicolor Bick. Bui.

Torr. Bot. Club. 25: 105, pi. 328 (1898).

A slender, scarcely tufted, loose form, 6 to 12 dm. high, with very slender wiry

culms, which are naked below, long, narrow leaves, and rather slender, long-

exserted panicles, 2.5 to 7 cm.
long. Spikelets generally pur-
plish. Seise very slender, 6 to
10 mm. long, yellowish-green
or purple.
In brackish marshes, along the
coast from Connecticut to
Florida and Mississippi, and
in alkaline and saline bot-
toms, Kansas and Indian Ter-
ritory. June-September.
Specimens examined. — Maryland:
Bay Eidge, Scribner 1897; Ta-
koma Park, Williams 1899.
Florida: Barstow, 1232 Combs
1898; Homosassa, 924, 969
Combs 1898; Jacksonville, 13
Combs 1898; Lake City, 79
Combs 1898; Madison, 237
Combs 1898; Cedar Key, 794
Combs 1898; Ellzey, 826
Combs 1898. Louisiana: Al-
exandria, 185 Ball 1898. Miss-
issippi: BiloxijTracy 1898. In-
dian Territory: Bigelowl853-
54. Kansas: Comanche Co.
1544 Hitchcock 1896; Hutch-
inson, 2 Smyth 1890.
This form is not worthy of specific
rank, as all gradations are
found between it and the
typical C. imberbis. The char-
acters used by Bicknell in
separating his species, such
as the longer and fewer nerved
glumes, absence of hairs at
the base of the leaves, pur-
but are found to be extremely

Fig. 2. — Ohcetochloa imberbis penicillata: a, spikelet sbowing
thesetaj; b, c, views of the spikelet; d, floweriug glume,
dorsal view.

plish flowering glume, etc., are not constant,
variable.

CHiETOCHLOA IMBERBIS GENICULATA (Lam.) n. comb. Panicum genicu-
latum Lam. Encycl. 4: 727 (err. typ. 737) (1797). Setaria genimlata Beauv.
Agrost. 51 (1812). ClmmxrapMs glauca genimlata Beal, Grasses of N. Am. 2:
156 (1896) .

A stout, glaucous form, 5 to 10 dm. high, with geniculate culms, broader leaves, and
elongated panicles 6 to 12 cm. in length; leaf-blades 1 to 3 dm. in length, 5 to 8
mm. wide. Panicles erect, yellowish, 5 to 8 mm. in diameter. Spikelets as in
the type.

13

West Indies, Mexico, South America.

Specimens exajiined. — Mexico: Durango, 378, 471, 539 Palmer 1896; Rio Hondo, 3156

Holway 1898; Jalisco, Guadalajara, 293 Palmer 1886; Oaxaca, 5723 Galeotti

1840; 342 Conzatti & Gonzalez 1897; '710 Nelson 1894; Coahuila, 431 Pringle

1885; Guanajuato, Duges 1893; Orizaba, 631 Botteri, 2639 Bourgeau, 1865-66; 115

Seaton 1891; San Luis Potosi, 1041 Schaffner 1876; without locality, Ghiesbreght

1842. Cuba: 3472 Wright 1860-64.

St. Croix: 243 Ricksecker 1896.

Puerto Rico: 6861 Sintenis 1887.
Foumier^ makes a variety latifolia of

this species {Setaria geniculata),

based on 2639 Bourgeau and 5723

Galeotti, both of which are repre-
sented in the Gray Herbarium.

In these specimens none of the

leaves exceed 8 mm. (4 lines) in

width. In the original descrip-
tion the leaves are described as

"longues, larges du trois d, quarire

lignes, planes, glabres," etc. In

other sijecimens cited by Fournier

as representing the type 350 Lieb-

mannand Ghiesbreght 1842, rep-
resented in the United States

National Herbarium, the plants

are depauperate, with narrow

leaves, not exceeding 6 mm. wide,

and shorter, narrower spikes. In

Jaquin'^ the description and plate

represent the type as having

broad leaves and thick, elongated

spikes; hence it would seem that

Fournier had a wrong idea of the

type, which is best represented

by his variety latifolia.

CH^TOCHLO A IMBERBIS

STREPTOBOTRYS (Fourn.)

n. comb. Setaria streptobotrys

Fourn. Mex. PI. Enum. Gram. 47

(1886) .
A pale, glaucous form, 4 to 6 dm.

high, with stout, erect culms,

linear-lanceolate, glaucous, and

nearly glabrous leaves and pale-green panicles, 6 to 10 cm. long, about 6nmi. in

diameter; setae pale-green, spreading. Closely related to var. geniculata.
Mexico.
Specimens examined. — Mexico: Oaxaca, 342 Conzatti & Gonzalez 1897; Coahyila, 431

Pringle 1885; Durango, 378, 381,471 Pahner 1896.
3. CH-ffiTOCHIiOA PTJRPTJRASCENS (H. B. K.) n. comb. Setaria jmrpurascens

H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. PL 1 : 110 (1815) . (Fig. 3.)
An erect or ascending, ctespitose perennial, 1 to 6 dm. high, from short, creeping root-
stocks, with short, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate leaves, short setse, and dense.

Fig. 3. — Chcetochloa purpura scens: a, spikelet showing
the setse; b, spikelet showing the first and third
glumes ; c, flowering glume, dorsal view.

^ Mex. PI. Enum. Gram. 46. ^ Eclogee Gram. t. 27, Fennisetum geniculalum.

14

cylindrical, usually purplish, spiciform panicles, 1 to 5 cm. in length. Culms
slender, branching, and geniculate at the base, glabrous; nodes smooth; sheaths
loose, striate, glabrous, shorter than the internodes, margins smooth; ligule very
short, ciliate; leaf-blades 5 to 10 cm. long, 4 to 6 mm. wide, scabrous on both
sides and on the cartilaginous margins, sometimes nearly smooth beneath, not
narrowed at the cordate base, acute or acuminate. Panicles about 5 mm. in
diameter, somewhat exserted; rachis angular, pubescent; branches very short,

1 or 2 flowered, approxi-
mate; setae 5 to 10, short,
unequal, involucrate, 3 to 8
mm. long, flexuous, green
or pm-plish, often barely
exceeding the spikelets, an-
trorsely scabrous. Spike-
lets ovate, acute, 2 mm.
long; first glume ovate,
acute, 3-nerved, one-third
as long as the spikelet; sec-
ond glume ovate, acute or
obtuse, about one-half as
long as the spikelet, 5-
nerved, mid-nen^e excur-
rent, the lateral ones anas-
tomosing or vanishing in
the hyaline margins ; third
glume equaling the flower-
ing glume, 5-nerved, sul-
cate, subtending a broadly
ovate, hyaline palea of its
own length; flowering
glume ovate, acute, trans-
verse 1 y midulate-striate
for its whole length, the
inclosed x^aleaequalingitin
length, striate, plane.
Texas to Mexico, West Indies,
Central and South America.
Specimens examined. — Texas:
San Diego, Smith 1897;
Bexar Co., 207 Jermy; Dal-
las, Eeverchon 1876. Cuba:
3472 Wright 1865. Mexico:
Chiapas, 3023a, 3336 Nel-
son 1895; City of Mexico,
7 Holway 1896; 3126 Holway 1898; Orizaba, 114, 247 Seaton 1891; 33 Nelson
1894; Plunia, 2482 Nelson 1895; Puebla, Nelson 1893; Chinantha, 350 Liebmann
1841, cited by Fournier^ under Setaria geniculata ; valley of Mexico, 231 Bour-
geau 1865-66; Colipa, 360 Liebmann 1841, cited by Fournier under Setaria
flava.
An extremely variable species, at once distinguished from the closely related C. gracilis
by its shorter, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate leaves and thicker, usually purplish
spikes. The form which Fournier referred to Setaria flava Kunth, differs from

Fig. 4. — Chcetochloa gracilis: a, spikelet sbowing the setae and
second plume ; h, spikelet showiugtho first and third glumes ;
c, flowering glume, dorsal view.

^ Hex. PI. Enuin. Gram. 45.

15

the typical material only in having the panicle pale instead of purple, or at

least only the spikelets being tipped with purple.
4. CHiETOCHLOA GRACILIS (H. B. K.) n. comb. Setaria gracilis H. B. K.

Nov. Gen. & Sp. PI. 1 : 109 (1815) . Setaria imberhis R. & S. of authors. (Fig. 4.)
A slender, erect, glabrous, caespitose perennial, 3 to 7 dm. high, from short, creeping

rootstocks, with linear-setaceous leaves, very slender, spike-like panicles 2 to 6

cm. in length, and short setse, often barely exceeding the spikelets. Culms very

slender, erect, glabrous, cylindrical, simple or somewhat branched at the base;

nodes glabrous; sheaths loose,

glabrous, shorter than the inter-
nodes, not ciliate on the hyaline

margins; ligule very short, cili-
ate; leaf -blades involute-seta-
ceous, 0.5 to 2 dm. long, 1 to 3 mm.

wide, smooth or slightly scabrous

above, long-acuminate. Panicles

cylindrical, dense, 3 to 5 mm. in

diameter, branches contiguous,

very short, 1-fiowered; rachis

setose or pubescent; seta? 5 to 8,

involucrate, unequal, very short,

flexuous, equaling or twice ex-
ceeding the spikelet,- yellowish,

antrorsely scabrous. Spikelets

2 mm. long, ovate, acute; first

glume triangular-ovate, acute, 3-

nerved, one-third the spikelet in

length; second glume one-half as

long as the spikelet, ovate, acute,

5-nerved; third glimie equaling

the flowering glume, 5-nerved,

sulcate, subtending a broad-
ovate, hyaline palea its own

length; flowering glume ovate,

acute, abruptly apiculate, trans-
versely undulate-rugose. Palea

plane, striate.
Alaliama, Florida, Texas, Mexico to

South America.
Specimens examined. — Alabama :

Mobile, on "ballast" and about

wharves, 14 Mohr 1891; 19

Kearney 1895. Florida: Apala-

chicola, on "ballast," Chapman,

no date. Texas: No locality,

Buckley 1888; Nealley 1887, 1888;

Corpus" Christi, Nealley 1891.

Cuba: 3473 Wright 1860-64 ; Reed,

no date. Mexico: Cordova, 5 Fink 1889-1891; Chihuahua, Palmer 1885; Oaxaca

1907, Nelson 1894.

B. Setx 1-3, not involucrate.

* Panicle dense cylindrical; branches short, appro.rimaie.

■\8etx retrorsely scabrous, tvholly or in jxirt.

5. CHiETOCHLOA BREVISPICA nom. nov. Panicum veriicillatuin parvljtomm
Doell iu Mart. Fl. Bras. 2': 172. (1877), not Cenchrus parviflorus Poir. in Lam.
Encycl. 6: 52 (1804.). (Fig. 5.)

Fig. 5.—Chcetoehloa brevispiea: a, branch showing
spikelets audsette; 6, spikelet allowing the first and
third glumes ; c, flowering glume seen from the back;
d, anterior view of the flowering glume, showing
palea.

16

A low, spreading, much-branched annual, 1 to 8 dm. high, with short, cylindrical
spikes and lanceolate leaves 3 to 6 cm. long. Culms compressed, geniculate,
decumbent, very glabrous; nodes smooth; sheaths very loose, striate, compressed,
glabrous, margins smooth, shorter than their internodes; ligule short, densely
ciliate-f ringed with white hairs; leaf-blades 3 to 6 cm. long, 4 to 8 mm. wide, cor-
date at the base, long-acuminate at the apex, scabrous and sparingly papillate cili-
ate on both sides, especially below, margins cartilaginous, serrulate-scabrous. Inflo-
rescence dense, cylindrical, 1 to 3 cm. long, about 1 cm. in diameter, purplish; com-
mon axis angular, scabrous; branches very short, subverticillate, densely flowered;

setae 1 or 2, purple, stout,
flexuous, retrorserly scab-
ous, 3 to 8 mm. long. Spike-
lets 1.5 to 2 mm. long, nearly
sessile, elliptical-ovate; first
glume triangular - ovate,
acute or obtuse, 3-nerved,
about one-third the length of
the spikelet ; second glume
ovate, obtuse, 5 to 7-nerved,
nearly equaling the 5 to 7-
nerved, acute third glume,
which bears a short palea in
its axil; flowering glume
about 1.5 mm. long, elliptical-
ovate, acute, striate, nearly
smooth or very finely trans-
versely wrinkled below.
Palea similar in texture and
markings, about as long as
the glume.
Alabama, Louisiana, Mexico,

South America, Europe.
Specimens examined. — Louisi-
ana: Port Eads, Langlois
1885, on "billast." Ala-
bama: Mobiie, on "ballast,"
Mohr 1888. Mexico: Gua-
dalajara, 484 r.^lmer 1886.
Very readily distinguished
from C. verticillata bj' its
smaller size, more spreading
habit, short cylindrical
spikes, and smaller spikelets.
6. Cheetocliloa verticillata
(L.) Scribn. U. S. ':)ept.
Agr., Div. Agros. Bui. i : 39
(1897). Panicum vertldllatum. L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 82 (1762). Setaria vcrik-iUafa
Beauv. Agrost. 51 (1812) . Chamseraphis verticillata Porter Bui. Torr. Bot. Club.
20: 196 (1893). Ixophorus veriiciUatus Nash Bui. Torr. Bot. Club. 22: 422
(1895). (Fig. 6.)
An erect or ascending, glabrous, somewhat csespitose annual, 3 to 6 dm. high, with
linear-lanceolate leaves and interrupted subspiciform panicles 5 to 10 cm. long.
Culms geniculate, glabrous, compressed; nodes brown or black, smooth; sheaths
loose, shorter than their internodes, smooth, striate, margins glabrous below,

Fig. 6. — Ghcetochloa verlieillata : o, 6, views of the spikelet,
showing the setae.

17

ciliate above; ligule short, hispid-ciliate; leaf-blades flat, soft, 7 to 18 cm. long, 6
to 12 mm. wide, acuminate, abruptly narrowed at the rounded base, scabrous on
both sides, serrulate-scabrous on the cartilaginous margins. Panicles spike-like;
rachis striate, angular, scabro-hispid ; branches subverticillate, short, densely
flowered; setfe 1 to 3, stout, flexuous, retro rsely scabrous to the very base, 3 to
6 mm. long. Spikelets nearly sessile, narrowly elliptical -ovate, acute, 2 to 2.5
mm. long; first glume triangular-ovate, acute, 3-nerved, one-third as long as the
spikelet; second glume elliptical-ovate, 5 to 7 nerved, mucronate, nearly equal-
ing the 5 to 7 nerved acute third glume and slightly exceeding the flowering
glume; third glume subtending a lanceolate, hyaline palea two-thirds its own
length; flowering glume about 2 mm. long, narrowly elliptical, rounded at the
apex and very shortly apiculate, smooth or with very flue transverse wrinkles
below the middle. Palea similar in markings, equaling the glume.

A cosmopolitan weed widely distributed in the eastern United States. Introduced
from Europe. July-October.

Specimens examined. — Mas.'iacltusetts: Salem, Conant 1879. Connecticui: New Haven,
Allen 1879. Pennstjlvama: Philadelphia, Parker 1877; Stickers, Smith; Easton,
Porter 1895. Delaware: Wilmington, 145 Commons 1897. District of Columbia:
Vasey 1886. Alabama: IMobile, 1-t INIohr 1891. Keniuchj: Lexington, Short 1835.
loim: Mt. Cyr, 929 Beard 1897; Mt. Pleasant, 773 Mills 1897. Missouri: St. Louis,
267 Eggert 1886. Wisconsin: Oshkosh, Random 1896.

7. CH^TOCHLOA SCANDENS (Jacq.) n. comb. Pennisetum scandens Jacq.
Hort. Vindb. (1801). Setaria scandem Schrad. in R. & S. Mant. 2: 279 (1824).
Panicum scandens Trin. Gram. Pan. 166 (1826) .

An erect or ascending c?espitose annual, 4 to 7 dm. high, with geniculate, subcom-
pressed culms, linear-lanceolate leaves, and loose, bristly subspiciform panicles
4 to 12 dm. long. Culms slender, branching at the base, scabrous below the
panicle, otherwise glabrous; nodes bi'own or black, smooth; sheaths loose, striate,
compressed, glabrous or slightly scabrous above, about equaling the internodes,
margins ciliate above; ligule very short, bearded; leaf-blades linear to linear-
lanceolate, spreading, plane, 5 to 16 cm. long, 2 to 5 mm, wide, long-acuminate,
abruptly narrowed at the rounded base, scabrous and short strigose-pubescent on
both sides, serrulate-scabrous on the cartilaginous margins. Panicle cylindrical,
1 to 1.5 cm. in diameter; rachis striate, densely short-pubescent or pilose;
branches short, few-flowered, contiguous, spirally arranged; setae 1 to 3, gener-
ally purplish, flexuous, 1 to 2 cm. long, retrorsely scabrous above, antrorsely
scabrous at the base, spreading. Spikelets 1 to 1.5 mm. long, ovate, acute, green
or purplish; first glume broadly ovate, acute, 3-nerved, one-half as long as the
spikelet and inclosing its base; second and third glumes equaling the flowering
glume, 5-nerved, acute, apiculate, the third somewhat sulcate; flowering glume
ovate, acute, 1 to 1.5 mm. long, striate, transversely undulate-rugose below,
nearly smooth above, the inclosed palea ovate, striate, concave.

West Indies, Central and South America.

Specimens examined.— Pnerio Eico: 6498 Sintenis 1887, distributed as Setaria verticillaia
Beauv. Honduras: 5583 bis J. Donnell Smith 1888. Guatemala: Buena Vista,
4295 J. Donnell Smith 1892. Venezuela: 1144 Fendler 1854-55; 1644, 1856-57.
Brazil: 4356, 4510 Burchell; 174 Riedl.

Readily distinguished from C. verticillata by its smaller spikelets, strigose-pubescent
leaves, and longer, irregularly spreading setee, which are retrorsely scabrous
above and antrorsely scabrous at the base.
13788— No. 21 2

18

tt Setie antrorsely scabrous.

i Flowering glume smooth or nearly so.

§ Rachvi scabrous.

8. CHiETOCHLOA AMBIGTJA (Guss.) n. comb. Setar ia verticillata \ar. amhigua

Guss. Prodr. 1: 80 (1827). Setaria ambigua Guss. Fl. Sic. Syn. 1: 114 (1842).

Not ;S'etoria ambigua Schrad. Linnsea 12: 430 (1838). (Fig. 7.)

A csespitose, erect, much branchied annual, 2 to 5 dm. high, with compressed culms,

lanceolate leaves, and rather loose spicate ]ianicles 4 to 10 cm. long. Culms

geniculate at the base, glab-
rous, leafy, the nodes brown,
glabrous; sheaths striate,
compressed, loose, about
equaling the internodes, thin,
glabrous, the margin ciliate
above; ligule about 1 mm.
long, densely ciliate-fringed*
with white hairs, which are
1 mm. long or less. Leaf-
blades lanceolate, cordate at
the base, long-acuminate at
the apex, 5 to 15 cm. long,
6 to 15 mm. wide, scabrous
on both sides and on the
cartilaguaous margins. Axis
of the inflorescence chan-
neled, scabrous, but not pi-
lose; branches short, sub-
verticillate, densely flowered,
the lower rather remote;
setse solitary, stout, some-
what flexuous, antrorsely
scabrous, 4 to 8 mm. long.
Spikelets elliptical, 2 to 2.5
mm. long; first glume tri-
angular-cordate, 3-nerved,
claspmg the base of the
spikelet and about one-third
its length; second and third
glumes equaling the flower-
ing glume in length, obtuse,
5 to 7 nerved, the third with
a palea; flowering glume 2
mm. long, elliptical, sounded
at the apex, striate, very finely transversely wrinkled, not rugose. Palea similar
in texture and markings.
Collected on "ballast," Camden, N. J., by F. Lamson-Scribner, 1884, and at Mobile,

Ala., by Chas. Mohr, 1884.
An adventitious European annual with tlie habit and inflorescence of C. verticil-
lata (L.) Scribner, 1)ut readily distinguished from that species by its ha\dng
the setic antrorsely instead of retrorsely scabrous. Distinguished from C.
viriditi (L.) Scriljner, by its loose, subverticillate panicles and scabrous, not
pilose, rachis.

Fig. 7. — Chcetochloa amhigua: a, spikelet showing seta; 6, c,
views of the spikelet; d, flowering glume, dorsal view.

19

§ § Eadils pilose.

9. Cheetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros. Bui. 4 : 39 (1897).
Panicumviride L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 83 (1762) . Setaria viridis Beauv. Agrost. 51 (1812) .
Chamxraphh viridis Porter Bui. Torr. Bot. Club. 20 : 196 (1893) . Ixophorus
riridis Nash Bui. Torr. Bot. Club. 22 : 423 (1895). (Fig. 8.)

An erect, glabrous, csespitose annual, 2 to 9 dm. high, with short, lanceolate leaves
and dense, cylindrical, spike-like green panicles 2 to 10 cm. long. Culms usually
much branched at the base, glabrous, compressed; nodes smooth; sheaths com-
pressed, loose, longer than the in-
ternodes, ciliate on the margins;
ligule short, ciliate with long, white
hairs; leaf-blades 0.5 to 2.5 dm.
long, 4 to 10 mm. wide, scarcely
narrowed at the cordate base, long-
acuminate, slightly scabrous on
» both sides or sometimes nearly
glabrous, serrulate-scabrous on the
cartilaginous margins. Panicles
linear-ovate in outline, tapering to
the obtuse apex; rachis striate, \dl-
lous, generally about 1 cm. in
diameter, exclusive of the bristles;
setse slender, strict, spreading,
antrorsely scabrous, 1 to 1.5 cm.
long, green or rarely purplish.
Spikelets about 2 mm. long, ellip-
tical; first glume triangular-ovate,
3-nerved, about one-third the
spikelet in length; second and
third glumes elliptical, obtuse, 5-
nerved, equaling the spikelet, the
third glume subtending a lanceo-
late, hyaline palea one-third its
own length; flowering glume el-
liptical, rounded at the apex, finely
and faintly transversely wrinkled
below, or only striate and pitted,
the inclosed palea equaling it in
length, similar in texture and
markings.

In waste places and cultivated grounds
throughout North America. Natu-
ralized from Europe. July-Sep-
tember.

Specimens examined. — Newfoundland: Waghorne 1892. Ottawa: Macoun 1894,
Fletcher 1891. Maine: Auburn, Merrill 1897. New Hampshire: Peterboro, 236
Robinson 1897. Connecticut: 26 Wilson 1892. New York: Union Springs, 37
Dudley; Oxford, Coville 1884. ^ Pennsylvania: Easton, Porter 1887; Harrisburg,
Small 1888; Philadelphia, Smith. Delaware: Stanton, 147 Commons 1897. District
of Columbia : Blanchard 1891, 532 Pollard 1895, Topping 1895. Ohio : Ricksecker
1894. Mc7i%a7i .• Clifton, 629 Farwell. Jfermessee.- Knoxville, Scribner. loiva:
Battle Creek, 956 Preston 1897; Fayette Co., 273 Fink 1894; Carnarvon, 291
Pammel 1896; Clinton, 268 Ball 1895; Des Moines, 28 Ball 1898; Manchester,

Fig. 8. — Ch cetochloa viridis : a, branch allowing spikelet
and setcB; b, c, views of the spikelet; d, flowering
glume, dorsal view.

20

1007 Ball 1897. Kansas: Riley, 576 Norton 1895; Syracuse, 129 Thompson 1893;
Hooker Co., 1568 Rydberg 1893; Wiegand, 2684 Clements 1893; Central City,
262 Shear 1895, 2009 Rydberg 1895; Kearney, Holmes 1889. Wisconsin: Osh-
kosh. Random 1896; Newbold, 1701 Cheney 1893. South Dakota: Aberdeen, 123
Griffiths 1896; Redfield, 208 Griffiths 1897. Missouri: St. Louis, 268 Eggert.
Colorado: Thomas 1869, 510 Jones 1878; Colorado Springs, 2158 Williams 1896;
Glenwood Springs, 1304 Shear & Bessey 1898. Utah: 6034 Jones 1894; Caine-
ville, 5696& Jones 1894. Oregon : Milton, 33 Brown 1896. North Carolina : Mag-
netic City, 9 Wetherby 1895. Alabama : Tuskegee, 15 Carver 1897. Mississippi :

Ocean Springs, 1 Forkertl898.
Texas: KerrNdlle, Nealley
1899, Heller 1894. Neiv
Mexico: Mesilla, 89 Wooton
1897. Arizona: Verde Valley,
532 McDougal 1891. Mexico:
349 Liebmann 1841-1843.
10. Chsetocliloa italica (Ju.),
Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div.
Agros. Bui. 4: 39 (1897).
Panicum italicum L. Sp., Pi.
56 (1753) . Setaria italica
Beauv. Agrost. 51 (1812)
Cham^eraphis italica Kuntze
Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 768 (1891).
Ixophorus italicus Nash Bul.
Torr. Bot. Club 22: 423
(1895). (Fig. 9.)
A stout, erect, somewhat glaucous
annual, Avith broad leaves and
large, dense, comi>ound, spici-
form panicles 8 to 20 cm. in
length. Culms simple or
branching at the base, 3 to 8
mm. in diameter below, gla-
brous or slightly scabrous
below the nodes and panicle;
nodes bearded with short
appressed hairs; sheaths
loose, striate, glabrous or
somewhat scabrous, subcom-
pressed, generally exceeding
the internodes, ciliate on the
margins; ligule short, densely
ciliate-f ringed with white
hairs 2 to 3 mm. long; leaf-
blades lanceolate, narrowed at the base, long-acuminate, 2 to 4 dm. long, 1.5 to
3 cm. wide, scabrous on l)oth sides, serrulate-scabrous on the cartilaginous margins.
Panicles dense, cylindrical, green, l^ecoming yellow at maturity, 2 to 3 cm. in
diameter, obtuse or truncate at both ends, sometimes interrupted below; rachis
densely villous, branches 1 to 2 cm. long, contiguous, densely flowered; seta' 1 to
3, green or purplish, 3 to 10 nun. long, often shorter than the spikelets or nearly
obsolete, antrorsely scabrous. Spikelets elliptical, strongly convex, 2.5"to 3 mm.
long, obtuse; first glume one-fourth to one-half as long as the spikelet, acute, 1
to 3 nerved; second and third glumes about equaling the flowering glume, 5 to

. ^.—Chcetochlna italica: a, b, views of the spikelets, show
ing the setaj ; c, flowering glume, dorsal view.

21

7 nerved; flowering glume glossy, nearl_y smooth or finely and faintly transverse-
rugose or pitted, striate; the inclosed palea similar in markings, slightly convex.

Widely cultivated and often an escape in fields and waste places; very variable.
Quebec to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Native of Europe and Asia.
July-September.

Chaetochloa italica germanica (Mill.) Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros. Bui. 6:
32 (1897). Paniaim germanicum
Mill. Gard. Diet., ed. 8, 1 (1768).
Setaria germanica Beauv. Agrost. 51
(1812).

A smaller form, 2 to 6 dm. high, with
slender culms, usually branching
at the base; leaves 0.5 to 2 dm.
long, 5 to 10 mm. wide, scabrous.
Panicles dense, cylindrical, obtuse
at the ai^ex, usually tapering at the
base, green or purplish, 5 to 10 cm.
long, about 1 cm. in diameter; setae
purple, rarely green, 5 to 15 mm.
long, much exceeding the spikelets.
Flowering glume green or purplish,
when green, usually more or less
blotched with purple.

Like C. italica, this variety is widely
cultivated in this country under
the name of Hmigarian grass or
millet, with about the same range
as the type; often escaped from cul-
tivation in fields and waste places.
Some forms of this grass can scarce-
ly be distinguished from C. viridis
(L. ) Scribn. , and it is jirobably only
a form of that species changed by
cultivation and intermediate be-
tween C. viridis and C. italica.

11. Chaetochloa magna (Griseb.J
Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div.
Agros. Bui. 4: 39 (1897). Setaria
magna Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 554
(1864) . ChamcTrapJiis magna Beal.
Grasses of N. Am. 2: 152 (1896).
(Fig. 10.)

A coarse, stout, erect perennial (?) 10 to
36 dm. high, with cylindrical culms
0.5 to 2 cm. thick at the base, linear-lanceolate leaves and dense, cylindrical panicles
1.5 to 3 dm. long. Culms branching at the base, glabrous or slightly scabrous
below the smooth nodes; sheaths loose, spreading, striate, compressed, glabrous,
scabrous on the keel, margins smooth and hyaline below, densely ciliate-fringed
above; ligule very short, ciliate-fringed with white hairs; leaf-blades 3 to 6 dm.
long, 1 to 3 cm. wide, long attenuate-pointed, gradually narrowed to the base,
scabrous on both sides, serrulate-scabrous on the cartilaginous margins. Panicles
green, virgate, generally interrupted below, 2 to 5 cm. in diameter; rachis stri-
ate, densely pilose, branches 1 to 5 cm. long, strict, densely flowered, contiguous,
much exceeding their internodes, or the lower rather remote; seta; 1 to 3, green,

Fig. 10. — Ghcetochloa rnagna : a, branch showing
spikelet and setoB ; 6, view of the spikelet ; c, flow-
ering glume; d, anterior view of the flowering
glume, showing palea.

22

slender, antrorsely scabrous, 8 to 11 mm. long. Spikelets elliptical, acute, 2 mm.
long; first glume broadly ovate, acute or obtuse, 3 to 5-nerved, inclosing the
base of the spikelet; second gkune equaling the spikelet, short-apiculate, 5 to
9-nerved; third glume 5-nerved, slightly sulcate, subtending an ovate, hyaline
palea nearly its own length; flowering glumes elliptical-ovate, acute, short-
apiculate, nearly 2 mm. long, very smooth, glossy, not striate or rugose, the
inclosed palea equaling the glume, very smooth.

Low groimds and marshes, often in shallow water, Delaware to Florida, Louisiana,
and western Texas, Bermuda, West Indies, Central America.

Specimens examined. — Delaware: Collins Beach, 148 Commons 1892; Woodland
Beach, 148a Commons 1892; District of Columbia: Cultivated, Vasey 1889; Vir-
ginia: Smiths Island, Palmer 1897; Florida: Curtiss 1885; Merrits Island, Indian
Eiver, 3618 Curtiss 1879; Apopka, 21 Baker 1897; Fort Ogden, Lowe 1892;
Deland Co., Hill 1899; Grasmere, 1054 Combs & Baker, 1898; Barstow, 1219
Combs 1898; Homosassa, 464 Combs 1898; Eustis 1279 Nash 1894; Louisiana:
Pointe-a-la-Hache, 56 Langlois 1879; Texas: 801 Wright 1849; Bermuda: Munro
1864; Costa Rica: 6825 Pittier 1892.

%X Flowering glume transversely undulate-rugose.
t Rachis very densely pilose.

12. CH^TOCHLOA LONGIPILA (Fourn.) n. comb. Setaria longipila Fourn.
Mex. PI. Enum. Gram. 47 (1886) .

An erect, somewhat ceespitose, glabrous annual, 3 to 5 dm. high, with slender cuLms,
short, lanceolate leaves and somewhat exserted, green, subspiciform panicles 2 to
7 cm. in length. Culms glabrous, except below the panicle, branching at the base;
nodes brown, bearded with appressed hairs; sheaths slightly compressed, striate,
glabrous, much shorter than the internodes, ciliate on the margms, slightly
bearded at the apex; ligule short, ciliate-fringed with long white hairs; leaf-
blades 5 to 10 cm. long, 5 to 10 mm. wide, tapering to the base and to the acute or
acuminate apex, scabrous on the upper side and on the cartilaginous margins,
nearly smooth beneath. Panicles about 6 mm. in diameter, interrupted, the
branches short, few-flowered; rachis densely pilose-pubescent, with long, erect,
white hairs extending a short distance below the panicle; set« 1 to 3, green,
stout, antrorsely scabrous, flexuous, 3 to 5 mm. long. Spikelets ovate-globose,
acute, about 1.7 mm. long; first glume about one-half as long as the spikelet,
triangular-ovate, acute, 3-nerved, slightly inclosing the base of the spikelet; second
glumeequalingthefloweringglume, strongly convex, 5-nerved; third glumeslightly
exceeding the flowering glume and somewhat inclosing it, 5-nerved, apiculate,
subtending a broadly-ovate, hyaline palea of nearly its own length; nerves in all
the glumes green, prominent; flowering glume strongly convex, broadly ovate,
acute, strongly transversely undulate-rugose, the inclosed palea striate, strongly
convex at the base, concave above, equaling the glume in length.

Mexico. August.

Specimens examined. — 2017 Rose 1897, foothills of the Sierra Madre Mountains, Ter-
ritorio de Tepic, between Agnacato and Dolores.

This species has much the same habit as C. liebmannipauciflora,hut is at once dis-
guished from that and other related forms by its small, ovate, globose spikelets
and remarkably dense pilose-pubescent rachis.

tt Rachis thinly pilose.
= Leaves scabrous.

1:5. Chsetocliloa corrugata (Ell.) Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros. Bui. 4: 39
^(1897) . Fauicum corrugatum Ell. Sk. Bot. S. Car. & Ga. 1 : 113 (1817) . Setaria

23

comigata E. & S. Mant. 2: 276 (1824) . Chamxraplm corrugaia Kuntze Rev. Gen.
PL 2: 770 (1891). (Fig. 11.)
A rather stout, erect or ascending ceespitose annual, 6 to 10 dm. high, with elongated,
.spike-like panicles and linear-lanceolate, scabrous leaves. Culms compressed,
striate, scabrous below the nodes and panicle, otherwise smooth, much branched
at the base, often geniculate and rooting at the lower nodes; nodes brown,
bearded with short appressed hairs; sheaths very loose, compressed, keeled, the
lower ones usually much exceeding the internodes, scabrous or sometimes nearly
smooth, rarely pubescent, smooth or ciliate on the margin; ligule fringed with
rather rigid white hairs;
leaf-blades 1 to 3 dm. long,
3 to 6 mm. wide, scabrous on
both sides, serrulate-sca-
brous on the cartilaginous
margins, tapermg to the
base, acuminate-pointed.
Panicles cylindrical, dense,
narrowed to the obtuse
apex, 6 to 16 cm. long, 6 to
15 mm. in diameter below,
exclusive of the setae; rachis
angular, pilose; branches
short, contiguous, densely
5 to 15 flowered; setee 1
or rarely 2 at each spikelet,
green or purplish, erect-
spreading, flexuous, 5 to
15 mm. long, antrorsely
scabrous. Sitikelets ovate,
acute, about 2 mm. long,
gibbous; first glume one-
third to one-half as long as
the spikelet, ovate-cordate,
acute, 3 to 5 nerved, mclos-
ing the base of the spike-
let; second glume broadly
ovate, acute or obtuse,
apiculate, about four-fifths
as long as the spikelet, 5 to
7 nerved, the mid-nerve
excurrent, the lateral ones
anastomosing or abruptly
vanishing in the hyaline
margin; third glume equal-
ing and slightly inclosing the
fiowering glume, sulcate, 5-nerved, subtending a lanceolate, hyalme jmlea, nerves
in all the glumes green, prominent; flowering glume ovate, acute, convex, very
strongly transversely midulate- rugose for its whole length; the inclosed palea
transversely striate, slightly convex at the base, plane above.

In waste places, cultivated fields, etc., Georgia to Florida. July-October.

Specimens examined. — Florida: Jacksonville, 3616 Curtiss; no locality. Chapman,
Duval Co., 328 Fredholm 1893; Apalachicola, 108 Kearney 1895; Anastasia Island,
175 Kearney 1895; Grasmere, 1047 Combs & Rolfs 1898; Cedar Key, 795 Combs
1898; Orange, Baker 1897; Homosassa, 944 Combs 1898.

FiG.ll.—Ghcefochloacornigata: a, spikelet .showing seta; h,c,
views of the spikelet; rf, tiowering glume, dorsal view.

24

CHiETOCHLOA CORRUGATA PARVIFLORA (Poir.) n. comb. CencJims

jxtrvijloms Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 6: 52 (1804). Setaria ventemifd Kunth Rev.

Gram. 1: 251. t. 37 (1829). Panicum glaucum purpurascens Ell. Sk. Bot. S. Car.

&Ga. 1: 113 (1817). (Fig. 12.)

A more slender form 2 to 7 dm. high, much branched from the base, leaves shorter,

panicles exserted, 2 to 7 cm. long, branches few-flowered, setee spreading, green

or purple; spikelets as in the type.

In fields and waste places, South Carolina to Florida, West Indies. April-October.

Specimens examined.— Specimen in Herb. Phil. Acad. Sci., collected by Elliot,

South Carolina or Georgia.
Florida: Indian River, Curtiss
1879; Jacksonville, 5124 Curtiss
1894; 4041 Curtiss 1893; without
locality, Cm'tissl885; Vesterand
1889; Duval Co., 187 Fredholm
1893, Eustis640, 1382 Nash 1894;
Lake City, 140 Combs & Rolfs
1898; Gainesville, 721, 723 Combs
1898; Homosassa, 945 Combs
1898; Barstow, 1177 Combs 1898;
Old Town, 865 Combs 1898;
Dunnellon, 914« Combs 1898;
Manatee Co., 1287, 1292 Combs
1898; Miami, 253 Pollard 1898.

14.

= = Leaves pilose or pubescent.
CH^TOCHLOA GIBEOSA

sp. nov.
An erect , densely caespitose, pubescent
perennial, 4 to 7 dm. high, with
rather loose, cylindrical, exserted
panicles, compressed sheaths, and
linear-lanceolate leaves, which
are strongly pilose on both sides
with long spreading white hairs.
Culms slender, smooth, cylin-
drical; nodes brown or black,
smooth; sheaths loose, striate,
smooth, the margin densely
ciliate with long erect white
hairs, bearded at the apex ; ligule
brown, about 1 mm. long, densely
ciliate-fringed with \\hite hairs
3 or 4 mm. long; leaf-blades 1
to 2.5 dm. long, 5 to 7 mm.
wide, abruptly romided at the base, long-acuminate, scabrous on both sides
and on the cartilaginous margins. Panicle 5 to 7 cm. long, loose, branches
very short, few-flowered; setae 1 or 2 at each si)ikelet, spreading-erect, flexu-
ous, 8 to 15 mm. long, antrorsely scabrous. Spikelets ovate-globose, 2 mm.
long, acute; first glume nearly one-half as long as the spikelet, broadly ovate-
cordate, obtuse, apiculate, 5-nerved, inclosing the base of the spikelet; second
glume broadly ovate, obtuse, aljruptly apiculate, 5 to 7 nerved, about four-fifths
as long as the spikelet; third glume equaling and slightly inclosing the flower-
ing glume, 5-nerved, plane, subtending a lanceolate, hyaline palea; flowering

Fig. 12. — Chcetochloa corrvgata imrviflora: a, branch
showing two spikelets and sette; 6, spikelet; c,d,
views of the ilowering glume.

25

glume strongly gibbous, acute, short-apiculate, transversely undulate-rugose,
except at the nearly smooth base and apex, the inclosed palea broadly elliptical-
ovate, very strongly convex, transversely striate.

Type specimen in Gray Herbarium Cambridge, No. 528 (828?), "Herbarium Ber-
landierianum Texano-3Iexicanum," no locality or date.

A very distinct species, readily recognized by its broad-linear, pilose leaves, densely
bearded sheath-margins and
ligule, long first glume, and
strongly convex palea.

15. CHiETOCHLOA HIS-
PID A sp. nov. (Fig. 13.)

A simple or sparingly branched,
erect, somewhat hirsute an-
nual, about 6 dm. high, with
linear-lanceolate leaves and
exserted, cylindrical, spike-
like panicles about 6 em.
long. Culm slender, com-
pressed below, somewhat
geniculate, striate, scabrous
below the panicle, thinly
l^ilose for its whole length
with scattered white hairs;
nodes bearded with appressed
hairs; sheaths compressed,
striate, strigose witli rather
long white hairs, especially
above and on the margins;
ligule short, ciliate; leaf-
blades 10 to 15 cm. long, 4 to
6 mm. wide, tapering to the
base, acuminate, scabrous on
both sides and margins,
papillate-pilose on the nerves
on both sides, mid-nerve very
prominent on the lower side,
smooth. Panicle densely
flowered, about 7 mm. in
diameter exclusive of the
setee; rachis angular, pilose;
branches short, contiguous,
I 1 to 3 flowered; setse 1 or 2,
green, spreading, 8 to 12 mm. long, antrorsely scabrous above, nearly smooth
at the base; first glume nearly one-half as long as the spikelet, broadly ovate-
cordate, acute, apiculate, 3-nerved, inclosing the base of the spikelet; second
glume broadly-ovate, obtuse, about four-fifths as long as the spikelet, short-
apiculate, 7-ner\'ed, the mid-nerve excurrent, the lateral ones vanishing; third
glume equaling the flowering glume, sulcate, 5-nerved, subtending a lanceo-
late, hyaline palea; flowering glume elliptical-ovate, acute, strongly gibbous,
transversely undulate-rugose, the inclosed palea convex at the base, plane
above.

In sandy pine woods, Cuba. Type specimen in the Gray Herbarium, Cambridge,
collected by C. Wright in January, 1865; no number.

Eelated to C. corrugata (Ell.) Scribn. , but readily distinguished by its more simple habit,

Fig. iZ.—Chcetochloa hispida: a, spikelet showing seta; b, c,
views of the spikelet; d, tiowering glume, dor.sal view.

26

hirsute sheaths, pubescent leaves, and strongly rugose flowering glumes. This
specimen is cited by Grisebach, Plant. Cub. 234 (1866), under Setarla glauca
imberbis.
16. CH^TOCHLOA LEUCOPILA sp. nov. (Fig. 14.)

A densely ctespitose, erect perennial, 2.5 to 4 dm. high, with narrow, involute leaves
and rather loose, narrow panicles 3 to 6 cm. in length. Culms very slender,
much branched at base, striate, scabrous or scabro-pubescent below the nodes
and panicle, otherwise smooth; nodes brown, the lower ones densely bearded

with long white hairs, the
hairs on upper nodes shorter,
sheaths loose, compressed,
glabrous or usually slightly
scabrous on the keel, margins
nearly smooth below, densely
ciliate-fringed with long white
hairs above ; ligule brown, very
short, densely ciliate with
spreading white hairs 3 t© 5
mm. long; basal leaves numer-
ous, those of the culms 1 or
2, linear, 5 to 10 cm. long, 2
to 4 mm. wide, rather soft,
becoming involute-setaceous,
densely bearded at the throat
with spreading white hairs,
which equal or exceed those
of the ligule, the upper sur-
face pilose with long white
hairs, the lower surface smooth
or only slightly scabrous.
Panicle somewhat exserted,
about6 mm. in diameter, pale,
few-flowered; axis undulate,
angular, scabro - pubescent,
branches 2 mm. long or less;
setffi single or in pairs, green,
flexuous, antrorsely scabrous,
2 to 5 mm. long. Spikelets
oblong-ovate, acute, 3-nerved,
barely 2 mm. long; firstglume
triangular - ovate, acute, 3-
nerved, one-third as long as the
spikelet; second glume broad-
ly ovate, obtuse, apiculate, 5-
nerved, two-thirds to three-
fourths as long as the flowering glume; third glume equaling the flowering
glume, 5-nerved, subtending a hyaline, lanceolate palea two-thirds its own
length; flowering glume narrowly ovate, acute, apiculate, nearly smooth, striate
and pitted below, not rugose, nearly smooth, sliining at the apex, the inclosed
palea broadly lanceolate, pitted, slightly convex for its whole length.
Mexico. Type specimen collected at Parras, State of Coahuila, Mexico, 1363 E.

Palmer, June, 1880.
At once distinguished by its densely caespitose habit, narrow leaves, densely bearded
ligule, and pilose sheath margin, and leaves.

Fio. 14. — Ckcetochloa leucopila: a, spikelet showing seta;
I), c, views of the spikelet ; d, anterior view of the flower-
ing glume, showing the sterile and fertile palea; e, flower-
ing glume, dorsal view.

27

* * Panicle loose, interrupted; brandtes more or less elongated.

t Branches densely floicered.

X Seta' hath antrorsely and retrorsely scabrous.

17. CH-ffiTOCHLOA ONURUS (Griseb.) n. comb. Setaria onurus Griseb. Fl.
Brit. "W. Ind. 555 (1864). Panicum onurum Willd. in Herb., ex Griseb.

A stout, erect, glabrous perennial, 2 to 10 dm. high, with virgate, interrupted panicles
and linear-lanceolate leaves, 1.5 to 4 dm. long. Culms glabrous, erect, simple or
sparingly branched at the base, cylindrical; nodes glabrous; sheaths compressed,
strigose-pubescent, sometimes slightly scabrous on the keel, the lower ones much
longer than the internodes, imbricate, ciliate on the margms, bearded at the
apex; ligule short, ciliate; leaf-blades 10 to 15 mm. wide, scabrous on both sides
and on the cartilaginous margins, long-acuminate at the apex, tapering at the
base, midvein prominent throughout. Panicle loose, cylindrical, 1 to 2 dm. long,
1.5 to 2 em. in diameter; rachis striate, pilose; branches spreading-erect, the
lower 1.5 to 2 cm. in length, scabrous, equaling or exceeding their internodes;
setae mostly solitary, rarely 2 or 3 at each spikelet, slender, flexuous, 1.5 to 2 cm.
long, both antrorsely and retrorsely scabrous. Spikelets ovate-globose, acute, 2
mm. long; first glume one-third as long as the spikelet, triangular-cordate, acute,
abruptly apiculate, 5-nerved; second glume one-half to two-thirds as long as the
spikelet, broadly ovate, obtuse or truncate, apiculate, 9 to 11 nerved; third glume
equaling the flowering glume, thin, 9-nerved, subtending an ovate hyaline palea
nearly its own length; flowering glume ovate-globose, acute, generally abruptly
apiculate, transversely undulate-striate below, smooth near the apex. Palea
similar in markings, strongly convex.

West Indies, Mexico, South America.

Specdiens examined. — Jamaica: March, spikelets from specimens cited byGrisebach
(Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 555) sent from Kew Herbarium, also specimen in the Gray
Herbarium. Cidia: 3474 Wright 1860, 1864, 3887 Wright 1865; Cienguita, 264
Combs 1895.

In habit very much resembling C. macrostachya, but readily distinguished from this
and other related forms by its 9 to 11 nerved second glume and both antrorsely
and retrorsely scabrous setee.

tt Setse antrorsely scabrous only.
§ Leaves linear, glaucous.

18. Chaetocliloa composita (H. B. K.) Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros. Bui.
4: 39 (1897). Setaria composita H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. PI. 1: ill (1815).
(Fig. 15.)

A pale, glaucous, csespitose perennial, 3 to 10 dm. high, much branched from the
base, with long, linear leaves and cylindrical, dense, or more or less interrupted
spike-like panicles 5 to 16 cm. long, 6 to 15 mm. in diameter, exclusive of the
setse. Culms geniculate at the base, subcompressed, scabrous and often pubes-
cent, especially below the nodes, rarely glabrous, the innovations usually short
and sterile; nodes bearded with a ring of silky, appressed hairs; sheaths striate,
compressed, slightly scabrous on the keel above, and pilose at the apex,
otherwise glabrous, the lower sometimes pubescent, mostly shorter than the
internodes, cihate on the margins; ligule very short, densely ciliate-f ringed
with silky hairs 1.5 to 3 mm. long; leaf-blades linear, plane, 1 to 2.5 dm. long, 2
to 5 mm. wide, glaucous, long, narrow, acuminate at the apex, scabrous on both
sides or sometimes nearly glabrous, midvein prominent below, obscure above.
Panicle pale green; rachis angular, striate, pilose; branches short, densely
flowered, contiguous, crowded or sometimes rather remote, especially below;
setse single, rarely in pairs, green, flexuous, 5 to 15 mm. long, antrorsely scabrous.

28

Spikelets short-pedicellate, narrowly ovate, acute, 2 or rarely 3 mm. long; first
glume acute or acuminate, 3-nerved, one-half as long as the spikelet; second
glume broadly ovate, acute or apiculate, 5-nerved, nearly equaling the spikelet
in length; third glume similar to the second, 5-nerved, equaling the flowering
glume, subtending a lanceolate, hyaline palea; glumes pale, with prominent
green nerves; flowering glume narrowly ovate, acute, short-apiculate, striate,
nearly smooth, obscurely transversely wrinkled below, the inclosed palea simi-
lar in texture and markings, convex.
Colorado to Arizona, Texas, Mexico, and South America. June-October.

Specimens examined. — Colo-
rado: Canyon City, 780
Jones 1878, 4 Eastwood
1892, 979 Shear 1896.
Arizona: No locality,
Palmer 1869, Vasey 1889,
19, 21 Emersley 1890;
Bisbee, 858, 926 Mearns
1892; Tucson, Pringle
1884, 805 Tourney 1892, 77
Tourney 1894; Gila Val-
ley, 334 Rothrock 1874;
Fort Verde, 939 McDougal
1891;,, Fort Huachuca,
Wilcox 1894. New Mexico:
No locality, 2094 Wright
1851-52; Mesilla, 60Woo-
ton 1897; Rincon, 41, 44(f,
63 Jones 1884; Albuquer-
que, 85 Tracy 1887; Las
Cruces, Vasey 1881; Man-
gos, Metcalfe 1897, Smith
1896. re.ra&- No locality,
Nealley 1877; Western
Texas, 799 Wright 1849;
Maraniflas, Havard 1883;
Mesquite Bay , Ravenel
1869; Pinto Creek, Kin-
ney Co., 83 Hall 1895;
San Diego, Smith 1897;
Painted Cave, Val Verde
Co., 115 (in part) Nealley
1892. Mexico: Guaymas,
340 Palmer 1887; San
Bernardino ranch, Mexi-
can boundary, 746, 771,
781 Mearns 1892; San Luis Mountains, 2101 Mearns 1893; White Water, 2313
Mearns 1893.
This common southwestern grass has been variously referred by American authoi-s
and collectors to Setarla caudata and Setaria setosa, but is at once distinguished
from these species by its pale aspect, cylindrical panicle, long glaucous leaves,
and long first and third glumes. Setaria caudata in Bui. No. 12, Div. Bot. U. S.
Dept. Agr., "Grasses of the Southwest," pi. 5 (1891), and in "Bot. of Western
Texas," Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 2: 510 (1894), Chumiemphis caudata in Beal
Grasses of N.Am. 2:157 (1896).

Fig. 15. — Ghcetochloa coinposita: spikelet showing seta, two views
of the spikelet, anil dorsal view of theflowering glume.

29

l^ Leaves linear-lanceolate, green.

19. CHiETOCHLOA MACROSTACHYA' (H. B. K.) n. comb. Setaria macros-

tachya H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. PL 1: 110 (1815). (Fig. 16.)
An erect or ascending perennial, 6 to 12 dm. higli, with rather dense cyhndrical

panicles and linear-lanceolate leaves 1.5 to 5 dm. in length. Culms rather stout,

compressed and more or less branched below, striate, scabrous below the nodfes

and panicle, otherwise smooth; nodes glabrous, sheaths loose, striate, glabrous,

usually exceeding the inter-
nodes, scabrous on the keel,

bearded at the apex, margins

ciliate-f ringed; ligule fringed

with straight white hairs, 3 to

4 mm. long; leaf -blades rigid,

linear-lanceolate, scarcely nar-
rowed at the base, gradually

tapering to the long acuminate

apex, 1 to 1.5 cm. Avide, sca-
brous on both sides or rarely

nearly smooth, generally with

a few long white hairs toward

the base, midvein prominent

throughout. Panicle pale green,

strict, thyrsoid, cylindrical,

usually tapering to the apex, 1

to 3 dm. long, 1 to 2 cm. in

diameter ; common axis angular,

sparingly villous; branches

short, contiguous, densely

flowered, erect, exceeding their

internodes, the lower generally

slightly remote; setae solitary

or in pairs, slender, flexuous,

antrorsely scabrous, 1 to 2 cm.

in length. Spikelets ovate-
globose, about 2 mm. long,

acute; first glume one-third to

one-half as long as the spikelet,

broadly ovate, acute, inflated,

and inclosing the base of the

spikelet, 3 to 5 nerved; second

glume two-thirds to three-
fourths as long as the spikelet,
broadly ovate, obtuse, apicu-
late, 5 to 7 nerved; third glume
equaling the spikelet, slightly inclosing it by its infolded margins, sulcate,
5-nerved, subtending a lanceolate, hyaline palea about its own length; flowering
glume strongly convex, apiculate, striate, and rather prominently transversely
undulate-rugose, especially below, the inclosed palea equaling it in length, striate,
nearly plane.
Texas to Mexico and South America.

Fni.l6.—C luelochloa macrostaehya: a, spikekt sbuuiug
the seta ; 6, c, views of the spikelet ; d, flowering glume,
dorsal view.

^ CH.ETOCHLOA AuSTRALIENSIS Sp. nOV. , j -lit;

A Stout, erect, or ascending grass, with lancecjlate leaves and rather dense panicles l.D
to 2 dm. long. Culms glabrous, except below the nodes and panicles; ligule

30

Specimens examined.— 7>ro&- Laredo, Havard 1884; no locality, Nealley 1887,1888.

Mexico: Mirado, .362 Liebmann 1841, cited by Fourn. Mex. PI. Enum. Gram. 45;

Guaymas,53 E. Palmer 1887; no locality, 378,505, and 872 E. Palmer.
A distinct species, readily distinguished from C. composita (H. B. K.) Scribn. by its

gibbous spikelets and broader, lanceolate leaves; and from other related species
♦ by its dense subcylindrical panicles.

20. CH-ffiTOCHLOA RIGIDA sp. nov.

An erect, rigid perennial, 3 to 6 dm. high, with loose, narrow, interrupted panicles,
few short setse, and rigid, lanceolate leaves 1 to 2.5 dm. long. Culms cylindri-
cal, somewhat branching below, striate, smooth, scabro-pubescent below the
panicles and sometimes below the glabrous nodes; sheaths mostly close, equaling
or exceeding the nodes, glabrous, the lower ones imbricate and scarcely striate,
margins very smooth, not ciliate; ligule very short, sparingly ciliate, not exceed-
ing 1 mm. in length; leaf -blades rigid, 6 to 12 mm. wide, minutely scabrous on
both sides or nearly smooth, often minutely pubescent at the throat, serrulate-
scabrous on the margins, narrowed at the base, acuminate, sometimes somewhat
involute-setaceous above, midnerve very prominent on the lower side of the
leaf for two-thirds its length, glabrous. Panicle 0.5 to 2 dm. long, strict, often
scarcely exserted from the upper sheath, pale or straw-colored; rachis angular,
short pubescent or somewhat villous, undulate; branches very short or nearly
obsolete, the lower not exceeding 1 cm., erect; setae solitary, often nearly obso-
lete, stout, flexuous, 3 to 10 mm. long. Spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm. long, ovate, acute;
first glume about one-half as long as the spikelet, acute, 3-nerved, the midnerve
excurrent, the lateral ones anastomosing with it; second glume one-half to two-
thirds as long as the spikelet, 5 to 7 nerved, broadly ovate, acute, apiculate;
third glume equaling the flowering glume and slightly inclosing it with its
infolded margins, 5-nerved, sulcate, subtending a lanceolate, hyaline palea two-
thirds its own length; flowering glume ovate, acute, apiculate, obscurely keeled,
striate, transversely undulate-rugose below, nearly smooth and glossy at the
apex, the inclosed palea similar in markings and texture, nearly plane.

Lower California. September-February.

Specimens examined. — Lower California: La Paz, 125 E. Palmer 1890 (type) ; Carmen
Island, 857 Palmer 1890; San Jose del Cabo, 28 Brandegee 1890.

All these plants were distributed under the names of Selaria eaudata and S. setosa,
from both of which this species is very distinct. Readily distinguished by its
rigid culms, smooth sheaths, narrow, straw-colored panicles, and few, usually
very short, setae. Related to C. macrostachya.

densely bearded with stiff hairs; leaves 2 to 3 dm. long, 1.5 to 2 cm. wide; nodes
smooth. Panicle about 2 cm. in diameter; rachis scabrous, sparingly villous;
setse solitary, erect-siireading, 1 to 1.5 cm. long. Spikelets 3 mm. long, narrowly
ovate, acute; first glume one-third to one-half as long as the spikelet, acute, 3 to
5-nerved; second glume four-fifths as long as tlie spikelet, acute, apiculate, 7-
nerved, nerves prominent; third glume equaling the spikelet, 5-nerved, subtend-
ing a broad-lanceolate, hyaline palea its own length; flowering glume acute,
apiculate, strongly ti'ansversely undulate-rugose below, nearly smooth at the
apex, the inclosed palea striate. In the specimen examined the flowering glume
has a prominent hippocrepiform scar at the base.

Australia.

A species previously referred to C. macrostachya (H. B. K.), but from which it is at
once distinguished by its thicker panicles, broader leaves, narrowly ovate, larger
spikelets, and more strongly rugose flowering glume.

31

tt Branches loosely flowered.

X Flowering glume strongly transversely undulate-rugose.

§ Leaves pilose.

21. ChaetocMoa latifolia Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros. Bui. 11: 44, pi.

3 (1898). (Fig. 17.)

" A branching annual, 2 to 4 dm. high, with compressed sheaths, rather broad, flat
leaves, and bristly panicles 4 to 8 cm. long. Culms compressed, slightly sca-
brous, and short bearded at the nodes; sheaths striate, scabrous, especially along
the keel, papillate-pilose, villous on the overlapping margin; ligule very short
and densely ciliate-f ringed with stiff hairs; leaf-blades broadly lanceolate, cor-
date at the base, very acute, 5 to 6 cm. long, 1 to 2 cm. broad, scabrous on both
sides and especially along the narrow, cartilaginous margins, strongly pilose
above and below. Branches of the panicle very short, slightly crowded; setse
12 to 18 mm. long, strongly antrorsely scabrous. Spikelets obovate, about 2
mm. long; first glume less than 1 mm. in length, 3-nerved; second glume
shorter than the flowering glume, 5-nerved; outer glumes all obtuse, the third
one empty; flowering or fruiting glume about 2 mm. long, strongly convex and
deeply transversely rugose excepting near the slightly apiculate apex. Palea
transversely rugose and similar in textm-e to the flowering glume.

"Growing under bushes in deep ravines, Durango, Mexico, 879 E. Palmer 1896.

"This species is well marked by its comparatively short and broad leaves, which
are cordate at the base, and long, widely spreading bristles."

CHiETOCHLOA LATIFOLIA BREVISETA var. nov.

A more slender form, with narrower, less pubescent leaves, which do not exceed 1
cm. in width, narrower, few-flowered panicles, and short appressed setae.

Mexico. ,

Specimens examined. — Mexico: Oaxaca, 347 Conzatti & Gonzalez 1897; no locality,

470 Palmer 1896.

§§ "Leaves scabrous.

22. CHiETOCHLOA LIEBMANNI (Fourn.) n. comb. Setaria liebmanni Fourn.
Mex. PI. Enum. Gram. 44 (1886) .

An erect, glabrous, yellowish-green annual, 3 to 9 dm. high, with broad, flat, soft
leaves and loose, lanceolate panicles 1 to 2.5 dm. in length, 2 to 4 cm. in diame-
ter. Culms erect, simple, or sometimes sparingly branched from the base, gla-
brous, straw colored; nodes glabrous or the lower ones with few appressed hairs;
sheaths striate, loose, very glabrous, equaling or slightly exceeding the inter-
nodes, the margins cartilaginous, ciliate-f ringed with short hairs; ligule short,
densely ciliate-fringed with stiff white hairs about 1 mm. long. Leaf-blades
lanceolate, somewhat narrowed at the cordate base, long acuminate-pointed, 1
to 3 dm. long, 1.5 to 2 cm. wide, thin, pale, scabrous on both sides and especially
on the cartilaginous margins, midvein very prominent below, obscure above.
Panicle attenuate at both ends, the axis slender, channeled, scabrous; branches
approximate, erect-spreading, scabrous, slender, loosely few-flowered, 1.5 to 3
cm. long, much exceeding the internodes, not remote at the base; setae one at
the base of each spikelet, slender, flexuous, finely antrorsely scabrous, 10 to 15
mm. in length. Spikelets ovate, acute, 2 mm. long, pale, sometimes tinged with
purple; first glume cordate, inclosing the base of the spikelet, acute, 3-nerved,
one-third as long as the spikelet; second and third glumes broadly ovate, acute,
5 to 7 nerved, the second four-fifths as long as the spikelet, the third slightly
exceeding the flowering glume, nerves green, prominent; flowering glume about
2 mm. long, ovate, acute, short-apiculate, strongly convex, striate, very strongly
transversely undulate-rugose except near the apex; palea similar in texture
and markings to the flowering glume.

32

FlG.l-.-Chcetochloa lati/olia: a. spikelct showing the seta; 6, c, views of the spikeM ; d,flowering

gluuif, dorsal view.

33

In thickets, Mexico. July-October.

Specimens examined. — ^fexico: Southwestern Chihuahua, 52 (in part) E. Palmer

1885; E. Palmer 1876; no locality, 233 Palmer 1897; Colima, 142 E. Palmer 1897;

Oaxaca, 2788 Nelson 1895; Batopilas, 52, 110a Palmer 1885.
Readily distinguished by its yellowish-green color, broad, lanceolate, thin leaves,

loose panicles, the branches not remote at the base, and its very strongly rugose

flowering glumes.
CH.aETOCHIiOA LIEBMANNI PATJCIFLORA (Vasey) n. comb. Chamsera-

phis caudata pauciflora Vasey in Beal Grasses of N. Am. 2: 158 (1896) .
A very slender form, 1 to 4 dm. high, with much smaller, narrow panicles 1 cm. in

diameter, 5 to 10 cm. long, the

branches not exceeding 1 cm. in

length or obsolete, and smaller

leaves 5 to 10 cm. long, 3 to 10

mm. broad. Spikelets as in the

type.
Mexico and Lower California.
Specimens examined. — Mexico:

Southwestern Chihuahua, 52 (in

part) Palmer 1885; Guaymas,

191 Palmer 1887; Alamos, 686 Pal-
mer 1890. Lower California: San

Jose del Cabo, 12 Brandegee 1890.
In habit very much resembling

Chxtochloa grisebachii (Fourn.),

but at once distinguished by its

very strongly rugose flowering

glumes. Chamxraphis caudata

(Lam.) Beal, Grasses of N. Am.

2: 157, to which this form was

wrongly referred as a variety, is

not true Panicum caudatum

Lam., but Chsetochioa compofiita

(H. B. K.), to which the above

is not closelv related.

tt Flowering glume smooth or finely
transversely wrinkled.

§ Spikelets 3 mm. long.

23. CH^TOCHLOA MACROS-
PERMA sp. nov. Setaria com-
posita of Chapman's Fl. So. J], S.
and of Bui. 7: 85. fig. 67, U.S. fiq.18..
Dept. Agr., Div. Agros., not of
H. B. K. (Fig. 18.)

A very smooth, stout perennial, 6 to 12 dm. high, with broad, flat leaves and branch-
ing, bristly panicles 10 to 25 cm. long. Culms cylindrical, robust, geniculate at
the base, glabrous; nodes smooth, sheaths compressed, striate, glabrous, the
lower exceeding, the upper shorter than, their internodes, margins ciliate; ligule
short, densely ciliate-f ringed with long white hairs; leaf -blades linear-lanceolate,
1 to 3 dm. long, 10 to 20 mm. wide, somewhat narrowed at the base, and long
slender acuminate at the apex, scabrous on both sides or sometimes nearly gla-
brous; margins cartilaginous, serrate-scabrous, midvein prominent below.
Panicle linear-ovate in outline, 2 to 4 cm. in diameter exclusive of the awns;
13788— No. 21 3

-Ghcetochloa macrosperina: a, 6, views of the
spikelet; c, spikelet showing the setae.

34

rachis angular, striate, sparingly villous; branches erect-spreading, the lower
ones 1.5 to 3 cm. long, loosely flowered; seta? solitary, 1.5 to 3 cm. long, green,
somewhat flexuous, antrorsely scabrous. Spikelets short pedicellate, narrowly
ovate, acute, 3 mm. long; first glume cordate, acute, inclosing the base of the
spikelet; second glume oval, acute, short apiculate, 5 or rarely 7 nerved, three-
fourths the spikelet in length; third glume 5-nerved, equaling the spikelet,
slightly inclosing the flowering glume by its infolded edges, subtending a lanceo-
late, hyaline palea; flowering glume narrowly ovate, acute, striate, finely trans-
versely undulate wrinkled,
its palea similar in markings
and texture, slightly convex
at the base.
Shell islands and keys, some-
times in old fields. Florida,
Texas. July-October.
Specimens examined. — Florida :
Mouth of the St. Johns Eiver,
3617 Curtiss; Key Largo,
5502 Curtiss 1895; Caloosa
Eiver, 41 Garber 1878;
Orange Co., 29 Baker 1897;
Weston Key, 263 Simpson
1891; Grasmere, 1150 Combs
and Rolfs 1898; Cedar Key,
969 Combs 1898; Homosassa,
977 Combs 1898 ; Crystal, 979 J
Combs 1898. Texas: Rio
Grande, Wright 1848.

24. CH^TOCHLOA VILL.O-
SISSIMA sp. nov. (Fig.
19.)
An erect, somewhat csespitose
more or less densely villous-
pubescent perennial, 4 to 10
dm. high, with broad-linear
or linear-lanceolate leaves
and loose, lanceolate pani-
cles about 2 dm. in length.
Culms branching and usually
somewhat geniculate at the
base, compressed, striate,
glabrous; nodes smooth or
sparingly bearded with ap-
pressed hairs; sheaths loose,
striate, compressed, equaling
or exceeding the internodes, scabrous above, especially on the keel, nearly smooth
below, more or less densely villous-pubescent above, bearded at the apex and
ciliate-i^ubescent on the margins; ligule brown, about 1 mm. long, densely ciliate-
f ringed with long white hairs; leaf-blades broad-linear, 1.5 to 3 dm. long, 6 to 8
mm. wide, tapering toward the base, long-acuminate at the apex, more or less
densely villous-pubescent on both sides, with spreading white hairs, serrulate-
scabrous on the cartilaginous margins, midvein prominent on the lower surface
for its whole length. Panicle about 2 dm. long, 2 to 3 cm. in diameter below,
tapering to the apex, loose; rachis angular striate, scabrous, villous; branches

Fig. 19. — OhcBtochloavillosisHma: a, spikelet showing the aeta
b, c, views of the spikelet ; d, flowering glume, dorsal view.

35

slender, spreading-erect, the lower 2 to 3 em. long, few-flowered, much exceeding
their internodes; setae solitary, green, slender, somewhat flexuous, antrorsely
scabrous, 1.5 to 2.5 cm. in length. Spikelets lanceolate-ovate, acute, 2.5 to 3 mm.
long, pale green; first glume one-third as long as the spikelet, broadly ovate,
acute, 3-nerved, somewhat inclosing the base of the spikelet ; second glume nearly
equaling the flowering glume, ovate, acute, short apiculate, 5 to 7 nerved,
the midnerve excurrent, the lateral ones abruptly vanishing in the hyaline
margins or anastomosing; third glume equaling the flowering glume, 5-nerved,
apiculate, slightly sulcate and inclosing the flowering glume with its infolded
margins subtending a very
short lanceolate, hyaline
palea about one-fifth its own
length; flowering glume
lanceolate-ovate, acute, ab-
ruptly short-apiculate at the
incurved tip, rather finely
transversely undulate-ru-
gose below, striate and
punctate above, the inclosed
palea narrow, plane, simi-
lar in texture and markings.

Type specimen collected by J.
G. Smith at San Diego,
Tex., May, 1897. Limpia
Canyon, Presidio Co., 115
(in part) Nealley 1892, a
smaller undeveloped speci-
men, with much less pubes-
cent leaves, otherwise as in
the type.

A very distinct species, at once
distinguished from C. ma-
crostafhya (H. B. K.) Scribn.
and C. composita (H. B. K.)
Scribn. by its loose, open
panicle, larger spikelets,
and narrow pubescent
leaves, and from C. macro-
sperma by its more open
panicle and narrow pubes-
cent leaves.

§ § Spikelets less than 3 mm. long.

t Flowermg gluvu pitted or striate.

25. Chaetochloa grisebachii

(Fourn.) Scribn. IT. S. Dept.
Agr., Div. Agros. Bui. 4: 39 (1897)
Gram. 45 (1886) . (Fig. 20.)
A smooth, slender, ceespitose annual, 1.5 to 8 dm. high, with loose, compressed
sheaths, short, lanceolate leaves and loose, bristly, panicles 3 to 12 cm. long.
Culms branching at the base, very slender, glabrous, generally somewhat genic-
ulate below; nodes bearded with short appressed hairs; sheaths shorter than the
internodes, striate, open at the throat, scabrous, sparingly strigose-pubescent,
margins ciliate; ligule short, densely ciliate-f ringed; leaf -blades lanceolate,
slightly narrowed at the cordate base, acuminate, 5 to 10 cm. long, 5 to 10 mm.

Fig. 20.— Chaetochloa grisebachii: a, b, c, views of the spikelet;
d, flowering glume, dorsal view.

Setaria grisebachii Fourn. Mex. PI. Enum.

36

wide, scabrous and sparingly short pubescent on both sides, mid vein prominent
below, becoming obsolete above. Axis of the inflorescence angular, pilose,
branches very short, appressed, few-flowered, the lower remote; setae single or
in pairs, somewhat flexuous, widely spreading, purple or sometimes green, 5 to
15 mm. long. Spikelets ovate, acute, 2 mm. long; first glume broadly cordate,
inclosing the base of the spikelet, acute, 3-nerved, one-third as long as the spike-
let; second glume obtuse, 5 to 7 nerved, nearly equaling the spikelet in length
and closely enveloping it; third glume obtuse, 5-nerved, slightly exceeding the
flowering glume in length, sulcate, subtending a short hyaline palea; nerves in

all the glumes green, promi-
nent; flowering glume nearly
2 mm. long, ovate, acute,
nearly smooth, striate, and
very finely transversely wrin-
■ kled below.
Texas to Arizona. Mexico.
Specimens examined. — Texas:
Austin, Hall 1872; no locality,

Nealley 1888; Kerrville, Smith
1897; Heller 1894; Limpia Can-
yon, Presidio Co., 130 Nealley
1892; Smith 1897; Val Verde,
Nealley 1890. New Mexico:
2096 Wright 1851-52, and 800
Wright 1849, no locality;
Mangos, Smith 1897. Arizo-
na: Bowie, 4288 Jones 1884;
Camp Crittenden, Rothrock
1874; Beaver Creek, 606 Mc-
Dougal 1891; Clear Creek, 78
Toumey 1891 . Mexico : City of
Mexico, 3040, 3153 Holway
1898; Rio Honda, Holway
1896; Chihuahua, 381 Pringle
1885; San Luis Potosi, 957
Parry & Palmer 1878; Oaxaca,
4937 Pringle 1894; no locality,
716 Palmer 1896, 1043 Schaff-
ner 1876, 441 Bourgeau 1863-
1866; Guanajuato, Duges
1894.
No. 441 Bourgeau, represented in
the Gray Herbarium, is cited
by Fournier in the original
description as one of the type
specimens on which this
species is based.

CHiETOCHLOA GRISEBACHII AMPLA var. nov. (Fig. 21.)

A very robust form, 5 to 8 dm. high, with thicker culms, longer leaves, and long
open panicles; leaves lanceolate, 1 to 2 dm. in length, 10 to 15 mm. wide; panicle
loose, 12 to 18 cm. long, 2 to 5 cm. in diameter, the branches spreading, much
longer than the internodes, the lower 2 to 3.5 cm. in length.

New Mexico; Mexico.

Specimens examined. — New Mexico: Organ ^Mountains, Yasey 1881; no locahty, 994
Fendler 1847. Mexico: no locality, 4670 Pringle 1896; San Bernardino ranch,

Fig. 21. — Chcetvc.loa niisclacliU ampla: a, siiikelet showing
the seta; Z>, c, viewa of the spikelet; d, flowering glume,
dorsal view.

37

Mexican boundary, 2000 Mearns 1893; no locality, 728 Palmer 1896; Oaxaca, 344

Conzatti & Gonzalez 1897.
Readily distinguished from the type by its larger size and elongated, spreading

branches of the panicle.
CH^TOCHIiOA GRISEBACHII MEXICANA var. nov. Seiarin mexicana

Schaffner in Herb.
A denseh' caespitose form, 6 to 10 cm. high, with interrupted panicles 1 to 3 cm.

long and short leaves 2 to 3

cm. in length. Spikelets as

in the type.
San Luis Potosi, 1044 Schaffner

1876; Schaffner, Sept., 1877.

i Flowering glume finely trans-
versely lurlnkled.
= Panicle obtuse at the apex.

26. CHJETOCHLOA POLY-
STACHYA (Scheele) n.
Gomb. Setaria jwlystachya
Scheele, Linnaea 22: 339

(1849). (Fig. 22.)
A stout, erect perennial, 6 to 12
dm. high, with compressed
culms, lanceolate leaves, and
loose elongated panicles 1 to
2 dm. in length. Culms cylin-
drical or subcompressed,
branching at the base, genic-
ulate, glabrous or slightly
scabrous below the nodes
and panicle; nodes brown,
bearded with short appressed
hairs; sheaths striate, gla-
brous or slightly pubescent
above, bearded at the apex,
margins ciliate, the lower
ones subcompressed, more or
less scabrous on the keel;
ligule short, ciliate-f ringed;
leaf-l)ladesl.5 to 3 dm. long,
1.5 to 2 cm. wide, abruptly
narrowed at the base, acumi-
nate, scabrous on both sides
and especially so on the car-
tilaginous margins, the lower

ones often more or less strigose-pubescent, midvein prominent below, becoming
obsolete above. Panicle pale green, lanceolate, lax, 1.5 to 2.5 dm. long, 1.5 to 3
cm. in diameter; rachis angular, pilose, branches slender, 1.5 to 3 cm. long, erect-
spreading, much exceeding their internodes; setse solitary, 8 to 12 mm. long, green,
slender, flexuous, antrorsely scabrous. Spikelets narrowly ovate, acute, 2 mm.
long; first, glume about one-third as long as the spikelet, slightly inflated, trian-
gular-cordate, acute, 3-nerved; second glume two-thirds as long as the spikelet,
acute, 5-nerved, the midnerve excurrent, the lateral ones anastomosing with it;
third glume equaling the flowering glume, slightly sulcate, acute, 5-nerved, sub-

FlG. 22.— Ohcetochloa polystachya: a, spikelet showing the
seta; 6, c, views of the spikelet ; d, tioweriug glume, dorsal
view.

38

tending a linear-lanceolate, hyaline palea; flowering glume narrowly ovate,
acute, short-apiculate, striate, quite strongly transversely undulate-rugose below,
striate or pitted at the apex, the inclosed palea narrowly ovate, slightly convex
at the base, plane above, striate.
Dry soil, in thickets, etc., Texas. July-October.

Specimens examined. — Texas: Reverchon 1885; Nealley 1888; 164, 564 Lindheimer
1846; 357 Lindheimer 1845; Kerrville, Smith 1897; Gillespie Co., 783 Jermy;

Mouth of Pecos River,
34 Havard 1883.

= = Panicle long-attenuate at
the apex.

27. Cheetocliloa caudata
(Lam.) Scribn. Rept. Mo.
Bot. Gard. 10: 52 (1899).
Paniciim caudatum Lam.
Illus. 1 : 171 (1791) . Seta-
rui caudata R. & S. Syst.
2:495(1817). (Fig. 23.)
A very slender, somewhat
csespitose annual 3 to 6
dm. high, with elongated,
interrupted jjanicles and
narrow, linear leaves 1 to
2.5 dm. in length. Culms
much branched from the
base, geniculate, glabrous,
cylindrical, very slender;
nodes smooth ; sheaths
about equaling the inter-
nodes, pubescent, ciliate
on the margins; ligule
short, ciliate. Leaf-blades
linear, 1 to 2.5 dm. long,
3 to 5 mm. wide, pubes-
cent on both sides, slightly
scabrous on the midvein
and margins, long filiform-
attenuate at the apex, the
upper ones generally
equaling or exceeding the
culms. Panicles 5 to 15
cm. long, attenuate, few-
flowered; rachis slender,
flexuous, angular, pilose; branches very short, not exceeding 5 mm., or obsolete;
setse solitary, flexuous, 4 to 10 mm. long, antrorsely scabrous, sometimes someAvhat
pilose below. Spikelets ovate, acute, short-pedicellate; first glume nearly one-
half as long as the spikelet, ovate, acute, 5-nerved ; second glume two-thirds the
length of the spikelet,broadly ovaie, acute, short apiculate, 5 to 7 nerved; third
glume equaling the spikelet, 5-nerved ; flowering glume ovate, acute, short apicu-
late, striate, transversely undulate-rugose below, smooth at the apex.
New Jersey, Alabama, and Florida, West Indies, Mexico, South America.
Specimens examined. — New Jersey/: Camden, Martindale 1879, on "ballast." Alabama:
Mobile, Mohr 1891, on "bailast." Florida: Key West, Blodgett. West Indies:
St. Croix, 67 Ricksecker 1895.

Fig. 23. — Choetochloa caudata: a, brauch showing spikelet and
setae ; b, view of the spikelet ; c, flowering glume, dorsal view.

39

The specimen from New Jei-sey is depauperate, being but slightly over 1 dm. high
and densely cpespitose.

28. Chaetocliloa setosa (Sw.) Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros. Bui. 4 : 37
(1897) . Panicum setosum Swartz, Prod. Veg. Ind. Occ. 22 (1788) . Setaria setosa
Beauv. Agrost. 51 (1812) . ChamserapMs setosa Kuntze Rev. Gen. PI. 2 : 769 (1891) .
(Fig. 24.)

An erect branching perennial, 4 to 7 dm. high, with loose, slender, generally long-
attenuate panicles 1 to 2.5 dm. in length and linear-lanceolate, ]inT)esoent leaves
1 to 2 dm. long. Culms
rather slender, glabrous,
geniculate at the base,
cylindrical or subcom-
pressed, sometimes root-
ing at the lower nodes;
nodes glabrous; sheaths
generally equaling or longer
than the internodes, loose,
striate, nearly smooth at
the base, more or less pu-
bescent toward the apex,
ciliate on the margins ; ligule
very short, ciliate; leaf-
bl ad e s linear-lanceolate,
about 1 cm. broad, acumi-
nate, rounded at the base,
scabrous on the cartilagi-
nous margins. Panicle lax,
attenuate, 1 to 2 cm. in
diameter; axis angular,
pilose; branches slender,
few-flowered, 1 to 2.5 cm.
in length, equaling or ex-
ceeding the internodes;
setse 1 to 3 at each spike-
let, slender, flexuous, sca-
brous, 10 to 15 mm. long;
spikelets 2 mm. long,
elliptical-ovate, acute; first
glume about one-half the
length of the spikelet, acute
or acuminate, 3-nerved;
second glume nearly equal-
ing the spikelet, ovate,
acute, abruptly apiculate,
5-nerved; third glume

equaling the fourth, 5-nerved, subtending a hyaline palea which nearly equals
the flowering glume in length; flowering glume about 2 mm. long, narrowly
ovate, acute or acuminate, finely transversely rugose, especially below. Palea
similar in markings and texture, equaling the glume in length.

New Jersey, New Mexico, West Indies, Mexico, South America.

Specimexs examined. — New Jersey: Camden, Parker 1879, on "ballast;" also collected
by Martindale, no date. Neio Mexico: Organ Mountains, 438 Wooton 1897. West
Indies: Kingston, Jamaica; Alexander 1853; March 1886, no locality; spikelets
from specimen in Kew Herbarium, cited by Grisebach Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 555; same

Fig. 24. — Ohcetoehloa setosa: a, spikelet showing seta; 6,0, views
of the spikelet; d, lioweriug glume, dorsal view.

40

also in the Gray Herbarium, Cambridge; St. Croix, Eggers 1876; St. Thomas,
Eggers 1876 and 1890; Gordon Town, 829 Hart 1886. Mexico: Monterey, Nuevo
Leon, 1968 Pringle 1888.

The specimen from New Mexico, 438 Wooton 1897, is not typical and differs from
the other specimens cited in having the slieaths somewhat compressed, sUghtly
keeled, the setae longer, and the panicle obtuse at the apex, not long-attenuate.

In H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. PL 1: 110 (1815) this species is cited as a synonym of
Setaria macrostachya, but from a careful comparison of the original descriptions,
authentic specimens, and the literature on the subject they appear to be very
distinct. Nees^ says that Swartz's specimens, which he has seen in the Schreber
Herbariiun, differ from S. macrostachya H. B. K. in having the second glume
5-nerved, narrower, pubescent leaves, and lax, elongated, and attenuated laanicles.
Trinius^ says that the details of Panicuin setosum^ do not belong to this species,
but to P. onurum, which has been confounded with it; hence the confusion
regarding this species.

NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES WHICH HAVE BEEN WRONGLY REFERRED TO THE

GENUS CH^ETOCHLOA (SETARIA).

Setaria auriculata Fourn. Mex. PI. Enum. Gram. 43 (1886) =Setariopsis auriculata

(Fourn.) Scribn.
Setaria cirrhosa Fourn. Mex. PI. Enum. Gram. 43 (1886)=Panicuin cirrhosum

(Fourn.) n. comb.
Setaria eflPusa (Fourn.) Mex. PI. Enum. Gram. 42 (1886) =Pani cum mexicanum

nom. nov.
Setaria jurg-ensenii Fourn. Mex. PI. Enum. Gram. 42 (1886) =Panicuin jurgen-

senii (Fourn.) n. comb.
Setaria latiglumis Vasey Bui. Torr. Bot. Club. 13: 229 (1886) =^Setariopsis latiglumis

(Vasey) Scribn.
Setaria paniculifera (Steud.) Fourn. Mex. PI. Enum. Gram. 42 {188Q)=Panicum.

paniculiferum Steud. Syn. Gram. 54. 1855.
Setaria pauciseta Vasey Bui. Torr. Bot. Club 13: 230 (1886) =Setariopsis auriculata

(Fourn.) Scribn.
Setaria schiedeana (Schlecht.) Fourn. Mex. PI. Enum. Gram. 43 {l88Q)=Ixophorus

schiedeana Schlecht. Linngea 3 1 : 421 (1861) .
Setaria sulcata Raddi Agrost. Bras. bQ=^Paiiicum sulcatum Aubl.
Setaria uniseta (Presl) Fourn. Mex. PI. Enum. Gram. 43 (1886) =Ixophorus uniseius

Schlecht. Linngea 31:421 (1861).
Chamseraphis uniseta of Beal's Grasses of N. Am. 2: 158 (1896) is Chselochloa

grisebachii.

DOUBTFUL AND UNKNOWN SPECIES CREDITED TO NORTH AMERICA.

Setaria affinis Schrad. in R. & S. Mant. 2 : 276 (1824) , Described by Muhlenberg
in Desc. Gram. 101 (1817) without name =(?) Chsetochloa corrugata parviflora.
Southern States.

Setaria ambigua Schrad. Linngea 12: 430 (1838). Type material collected in
Texas=(?) Chxtochloa hnherbis geniculala.

Setaria biconvexa Grisebach Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 555 (1864). Scarcely distinct
from C. onurus. Spikelets from Grisebach's type specimen sent from Kew
Herbarium agree almost perfectly with those of C. onurus. S. biconvexa is
described as having the second glume 7-nerved as a distinguishing character
from the 9 to 11 nerved second glume of K onurus, but the spikelets from
Grisebach's type have the second glume 9-nerved!

1 Agrost. Bras. 2: 246. ^ Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb.. ser. 6, 3: 138, 139.

'■" Trin. Icon. t. 95.

41

Setaria californica Kellogg Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 1: 26 (1873). Collected at
Shasta, on the Sacramento Eiver, and described as being about 12 feet high, with
erect, cylindrical spikes a foot long, with densely villous rachis, and smooth
flowering glume. From the description and the fact that this prominent form
has not been collected since, there can be little doubt that it was a form of
ChRtochloa italica, escaped from cultivation but not persisting.

Setaria falcifolia Fourn. Mex. PI. Enum. Gram. 44 (1886) . Mexico.

Setaria flava Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1 : 46 (1829) . Described from South American
material and credited by Fournier to Mexico. No specimens have been seen
which agree with Kunth's description, and the specimens cited by Fournier (231
Bourgeau and 30 Liebmann) , which were examined, are referable to C. pur-
purascens.

Setaria laevis Fourn. Mex. PI. Enum. Gram. 45 (1886) . Mexico.

Setaria pseudoverticillata Fourn. Mex. PL Enum., 45 (1886). Mexico.

Setaria rariflora Presl Eel. Hsenk. 1 : 313 (1830) . Mexico.

Setaria semirugosa Kunth Envmi. PI. 1: 152 (1833). Described from South
American material and credited by Fom-nier to Mexico. No specimens seen
from North America.

Setaria stipseculmis C. Mueller Bot. Zeit. 19: 323 (1861). This is certainly not a
Setaria, as is very evident from the original descrii^tion. Texas.

Setaria vulpiseta R. & S. Syst. 2: 495 (1817) . Credited by Grisebach to the West
Indies. No specimens seen. Fournier (Mex. PI. Enum. Gram. 45) say^that the
specimens referred by Grisebach to S. vulpiseta are S. macrostachya H. B. K.

13788— No. 21 1

V

INDEX.

Page.

Cenchrus parviflorus Poir 15, 24

Chamceraphis 6

caudata Beal 28,33,38

caudata paueiflora Vasey. . . 33

corrugata Kuntze 23

(/Zawca Kuntze 9

glauea genicidata Beal 12

itaKca Kuntze 20

magna TieaX 21

sctosa Kuntze 39

M7iis«<a Kuntze 40

verlicilla ta Porter 16

viridii Porter 19

Chsetochloa 5,6

ambigua (Guss.) Scribn. &

Merrill 18

apiculata Scribn. &, Merrill 9

australiensis Scribn. & Merrill. 29
breviapica Scribn. & Merrill. . . 15

caudata (Lam.) Scribn 6,38

composita ( H. B. K.) Scribn 5, 27,

30, 33, 35

corrugata (Ell.) Scribn 22, 25

corrugata parviflora (Poir.)

Scribn. & Merrill 24,40

forbesiana (Nees) Scribn. &

Merrill 5

gibbosa Scribn. & Merrill 24

glauea (L.) Scribn 9,10,11

gracilis (H. B. K.) Scribn. &

Merrill 5, 11, 14, 15

grisebachii (Fourn.) Scribn. 33,35,40
grisebachii ampla Scribn. &

Merrill

grisebacbii mexicana Scribn. &

Merrill

hlspida Scribn. & Merrill

imberbis (Poir.) Scribn 5, 10,

imberbis geniculata (Lam.)

Scribn. & Merrill 12,40

imberbis penicillata (Nees)

Scribn. & Merrill

imberbis perennis(Hall) Scribn.

& Merrill

imberbis streptobotrys(Fourn.)

Scribn. & Merrill

italica (L.) Scribn 5, 20, 21, 41

italica germanica (Mill.)

Scribn 21

Icevigata (Muhl.) Scribn 10

latifolia Scribn 31

11

12

13

Page.
Chaetochloa latifolia breviseta Scribn. &

Merrill 31

leucopila Scribn. & Merrill 26

liebmanni (Fourn.) Scribn. Jt

Merrill 31

liebmanni paucitlora (Vasey)

Scribn. & Merrill 22,3a

longipila (Fourn.) Scribn. <fc

Merrill 22

macrosperma Scribn. & Merrill 33. 35
macrostacbya(H. B.K.) Scribn.

& Merrill 5, 27, 29, 30, 35

magna (Griseb.) Scribn 21

onurns (Griseb.) Scribn. i

Merrill 27,40

perennis (Curtiss) Bicknell 10^

polystachya (Scheele) Scribn.

&Merrill 37

purpurascens (H. B. K.) Scribn.

& Merrill 5, 13, 41

rigida Scribn. & Merrill 30

scandens (Jacq.) Scribn. &

Merrill 17

setosa (Swartz) Scribn 6,30,39

versicolor Bicknell 12

verticillata(L.) Scribn 16,17,18

villosissima Scribn. & Merrill. 34

viridis. (L.) Scribn 18, 19, 21

Ixopborus 6

glaucus Nash 9

italicus Nasb 20

schiedeana Schlecht 40

unisetus Schlecht 40

verticillatus 'Ssish 16

viridis Nash 19

Fanicum 6

caudatum Lam 33, 38

cirrhosum (Fourn.) Scribn. & Mer-
rill 40

corrugatuvi Ell 22

forbesianum Nees 5

geniculatum Lam 12

germanicum Mill 21

glaucum L 9, 11

glaucum purpurascens Ell 24

italicum L 20

imberbe Poir 10, 11

jurgensenii (Fourn.) Scrib. & Mer-
rill 40

Icevigatum Muhl 10

mexicanum Scribn. & Merrill 40

43

44

Paga

Panicuin onurum Willd 27, 40

paniculiferum Stud 40

penieillatum Neea 11

scandens Trin 17

setosum S wartz 39, 40

verticillatum L 16

verticillatum parvifiorum Doell ... 15

viride L 19

Pennisetum 6

geniculatum Jacq 13

scandens Jacq 17

Setaria 6

afinis Schrad 40

ambigua Guss 18

ambigua Schrad 18, 40

auriculata Fourn 40

biconvexa Griseb 40

californica Kellogg 41

eaitdataR. & S 28,30,38

cirrhosa Fourn 40

composita H. B. K 27,33

corrugata R. & S 23

falcifolia Fourn 41

effma Fourn 40

fiava Kunth 14, 41

geniculata Beauv 12, 13, 14

germanica Mill 21

glaucaHeaxLV 9

gracilis H. B. K 11,15

grisebachii 'Fourn 35

italica Beauv 20

imberbis (Polr.) R. & S 11,15

Page.

Setaria jurgensenii Fourn 40

Icevis Fourn 41

latiglumis Vasey 40

liebmanni Fourn 31

longipila Fourn 22

rnacrostachya H. B. K 29, 40

magna Griseb 21

mexicana SchafFn 37

onurus Gri.seb 27

panicvlifera Fourn 40

pauciseta Vasey 40

perennis Hall 12

polystachya Scheele 37

pseudoverticillata Fourn 41

purpurascens H. B. K 13

rariflora Presl 41

scandens Schrad 17

schiedeana Schlecht 40

seinirugosa Kunth 41

setosa Beauv 28, 30, 39

stipceculmis M ueller 41

streptobotrys Fourn 13

sulcata Eaddi 40

uniseta Fourn 40

ventenatii Kunth 24

verlicillata Beauv 16

verticillata ambigua Guss 18

viridis Beauv 19

vulpiseta K. & S 41

Setariopsis auriculata (Fourn.) Scribn 4C

latiglumis (Yasey) Scribn 4C

o

Bulletin No. 22. Agros. 62.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF ACxRICULTURE.

DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY.
[Graas and Forage Plant Inrestic^alionH.]

COOPERATIVE EXPERI

AND FORAGE PIIKTS.

BY

P. BEVERIDG^K KENNEDY, PH. D.,

Expert and Agent in Charge of Experimental Work,

PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER, AGROSTOLOGIST.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1900.

PUBLIC/ lOKS OF THE DIVISION 01^ AGROSTOLOGY.

(In applying for these publications the title and Bulletin or Circular nunibor .should be mentioned.)
Divi-

r • -^

1. Alfalfa. (Farmers' Bulletin No. 31.)

2. A Note of Experimental Grass Gardens. (Circular No. 1.)

:j. Grasses and Forage Plants of the Southeastern United States. (Bulletin No. I.)

■f. Hairy Vetch. (Circular No. 2.) Exhausted, and place .supplied by Circular No. 6.

5. Saltbushes. (Circular No. 3.) Exhausted, and place supplied by Farmers' Bulletin No. lOS.

(i. Fodder and Forage Plants Exclusive of Grasses. (Bulletin No. 2.)

7. Useful and Ornamental Grasses. (Bulletin No. 3.) Exhausted, and place supplied by Bulletin
No. 14.

10. The Renewiiig of Worn-out Native Prairie Pastures. (Circular No. 4.)

11. Studie.s on American Grasses : (1) The Genus Ixophorus. (2) A List of the Grasses Collected bv

Dr. E. Palmer in the Vicinity of Acapulco, Mexico. 1894-95. (3) Some Mexican Grasses CoF-
lected by E. W. Nel.son, 1894-9.5. (4) Some American Panicums in the Herbarium Berolinense
and in the Herbarium of Willdenow. (.5) Native and Introduced Species of the Genera Hoi-
deum and Agropyron. (6) Miscellaneous Notes and Descriptions of New Species. (Bulletin
No. 4.)

13. Sorghum as a Forage Crop. (Farmers' Bulletin No. 50.)

14. Grasses and Forage Plants of the Rocky Mountain Region. (Bulletin No. 5.)

15. Grasses and Forage Plants of the Dakotas. (Bulletin No. 6.)

16. American Grasses, Illustrated. (Bulletin No. 7.) Illustrations and descriptions of 302 species of

grasses. Exhausted.
Ls. Studies on American Graisses: (1) Descriptions of New or Little Known Grasses. (2) Leaf Struc-
ture of Jouvea and Eragrostis obtusiflora. (Bulletin No. 8.)

20. Grasses and Forage Plants of Iowa. Nebraska, and Colorado. (Bulletin No. 9.)

21. The Soy Bean as a Forage Crop. (Farmers' Bulletin No. 58.)

22. Meadows and Pastures. (Farmers' Bulletin No. 66.)

24. Cowpeas. (Circular No. 5.)

25. The Cultivated Vetches. (Circular No. 6.)

20. Cattle Ranges of the Southwest. (Farmers' Bulletin No. 72.)
27. Grasses and Forage Plants of Central Texas. (Bulletin No. 10.)

30. Studies on American Grasses: (1) A Revision of the North American Species of Calamagro.stis.

(2) Descriptions of New or Little Known Grasses. (Bulletin No. 11.)

31. Grasses, Forage Plants, and Forage Conditions of the Eastern Rockv Mountain Region. (Bulletin

No. 12.)

32. Grazing Problems in the Southwest aiid How to MeetThem. (Bulletin No. 10. i

33. The Red De.sert of Wyoming and its Forage Resources. (Bulletin No. 13)..

34. Economic Gras.ses. (Bulletin No. 14.)

35. Forage Plants and Forage Resources of the Gulf States. (Bulletin No. 15.)

36. Gram or Chick Pea. (Circular No. 7.)

37. Experiments in Range Improvement. (Circular No. 8.)

38. Cowpeas. (Farmers' Bulletin No. 89.)

39. New Species of North American Grasses. (Circular No. 9.)

40. American Grasses, Illustrated, II. (Bulletin No. 17.)

42. Poa Fendleriana and its Allies. (Circular No. 10.)

43. The Plat Pea. ' (Circular No. 11.) ,

44. Rape as a P'orage Plant. (Circular No. 12.) ''^

45. Florida Beggarweed. (Circular No. 13.)

46. Studies on Ameiican Grasses: A Synopsis of the Genus Sitanion. (Bulletin No. IS.)

47. The Structure of the Caryopsis of Grasses with Reference to Their Morphologv and Clas.silica-

tion. (Bulletin No. 19.)

48. The Velvet Bean. (Circular No. 14.)

49. Recent Additions to Systematic Agrostology. (Circular No. 15.)
•50. New Species of North American Grasses. (Circular No. 16.)

51. The Millets. (Farmers' Bulletin No. 101.) -

52. Southern Forage Plants. (Farmers' Bulletin No. 102.)
.53. Crimson (;iover. (Circular No. 17.)

54. Smooth Brome-grass. (Circular No. IS.)
5.5. Saltbushes. (Farmers' Bulletin No. 108.)

56. New or Little Known Gras.ses from Mexico. (Circular No. 19.)

57. Experiments Avith Forage Plants in Ontario. (Circular No. 20.)

58. Cooperative Range Gra.ssand Forage Plant Experiments at Hignmore, S. Dak. (Circular No. 21.)
.59. Grass and Forage Plant Investigations on the Pacific Coast. (Circular No. 22.)

60. American Grasses, Illustrated, III. (Bulletin No. 20.) Descriptitms of the North American

Tribes and Genera.

61. Studies on American Grasses: Revision of the North American Species of Cha:;tochloa. (Bulle-

tin No. 21.)
•12. Cooperative E.xperiments with Grasses and Forage Plants. (Bulletin No. 22.)
63. Progress of Experiments with Forage Crops and in Range Improvement at Abilene, Tex. (Cir-
cular No. 23.)
61. Cowpeas and Corn for Silage and Fodder. (Circular No. 24.)

■RKPTtlNTS FROM THK VKARnoOK.

Year-
book.

l.s'.M. Gra.sses as Sand and Soil Bindcis
1.S95. Gra.sses of Salt Marshes.
1895. (iras.s Gardens. Exhausted.

1895. Forage Condition,s of the Prairie Kegiou. Exhausted.

1896. Timothy in the Prairie Region.

1N96. Cowpeas. (Reprinted and published :is Fjinners' Bulleliu No. .s;).)

1897. The Division of .Vgrostology.
1897. Lawns and Lawn Making.

1897. Leguminous Forage Crops.
1.S98. Sand-binding Gras.«es.
189.S. Forage Plants for Cultivation on .\.lkali Soils.

1898. Millets. (Reprinted and published as Farmers' Bulletin No. 101.)

I

Bulletin No. 22. ^sro^- ^^■

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY.

[OrasH and Vorage Plant Investigations.]

COOPERATIVE EXPERIMENTS WITH GRASSES
AND EORAGE PLANTS.

BY

P. BKVKRIDG^E KKNNEOY, Pli. D.,

Expert and Agent in Charge of Experimental Work.

PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER, AGROSTOLOGIST.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,
1900.

LETFER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U. S. Department of Agriculture,

Division of Agrostology,
Washington^ D. C. , Jornimry ^^, 1900.
■ Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith, and recommend for
publication as Bulletin No. 22 of this Division, a report on the coop-
erative experiments carried on during the past three years, prepared
under my direction by Dr. P. Beveridge Kennedy, expert in charge
of experimental work. During this period seeds of 251 varieties of
grasses and forage plants, making nearly 10,000 packages, have been
distributed by the Division. Five thousand one hundred and twenty
packages have been sent to those whom we term our volunteer experi-
menters, nearly 3,000 to the agricultural experiment stations, and
1,110 packages have been sent to stations in foreign countries. Two
of these stations — one in Cape Colony, South Africa, and one in
Australia — have already published interesting reports upon the results
obtained from the seeds sent them, and several of our agricultural
experiment stations have made the results secured from cultivation of
the seeds obtained through this Division the basis of important reports.
These distributions have incited a wide-spread and marked interest in
a subject of great financial importance to every farmer and stock owner
in the country, and while we know our work along these lines has
been of direct benefit to many individuals, we are equally confident
that the investigations now being carried on and partially noted in
this report will advance and improve the farming and grazing inter-
ests of the entire country. The report here presented is based almost
entirely upon the reports of our volunteer experimenters, and will be
of special interest on account of the fact that the testimony given
comes directly from the practical farmer.

Respectfully, F. Lamson-Scribner,

Agrostologist.
Hon. James Wilson,

Secretary of Agricidture.
2

CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction 5

Seed distribution to volunteer experimenters 6

Seed distril^ution to experiment stations, botanical gardens, and universities. 11

Seed distribution to foreign countries 12

Reports received from volunteer experimenters 14

Varieties of seed experimented with and testimonj' of experimenters 15

Bunch wheat grass 15

Western wheat grass 15

Slender wheat grass 16

Rhode Island bent grass 17

Creeping bent grass 17

M. B. sorghum 18

Johnson grass 19

Smooth brome grass 20

Rescue grass 34

Short-awned brome grass 35

Side oats grama 36

Blue grama 38

Bermuda grass • 39

Giant lyme grass 40

Canadian lyme grass 40

Meadow fescue 41

Curly mesquit 45

Italian rye grass 46

Perennial rye grass 46

Saccaton 47

Japanese barnyard millet 47

Red lump millet 49

Foxtail millets 54

Seaside blue grass 55

Miscellaneous forage plants 56

Dwarf Essex rape 56

Sulla 57

Turkestan alfalfa 58

Oasis alfalfa 64

Bur clover 65

Velvet bean 65

Sainfoin 69

Metcalfe bean. . , 70

Crimson clover 72

Alsike clover ■. 73

Russian red clover 73

Hairy vetch 75

Stolley ' s vetch 81

Saltbushes 82

Winter fat 84

Tsama watermelon 85

3

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATES.

Page.

Plate I. Fig. 1. Bunch -whesit grass {Agrojjyron divergens) jV.S. grass station at
Walla Walla, Wash. ; Fig. 2. Bunch wheat grass, natural

growth, Oregon 15

II. Johnson grass, in grass garden on grounds of United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C 19

III. Smooth brome grass {Bromus inermis), plat of the grass grown in

United States grass garden, Washington, D. C 20

IV. Fig. 1. Side-oats grama. United States grass garden, Washington, D.

C. ; Fig. 2. Blue grama [Bouteloua oligostachya), as grown

in grass station at Walla Walla, Wash 36

V. Fig. 1. Giant lyme grass {Elymus condensatus) at experiment station,
Berkeley, Cal.; Fig. 2. View in grass station, Walla Walla,
Wash., showing Canadian lyme grass {Elymvs cnnadevsis) . . 40
VI. Fig. 1. Japanese barnyard millet [Panicuni crus-galli) grown at Walla
Walla, Wash. ; Fig. 2. View in grass garden, Walla Walla,
Wash., showing Red Lump millet and Metcalfe bean .. . 47
VII. Fig. 1. Broom-corn millet grown at North Yakima, Wash., 1899;
Fig. 2. Millet, from a view in grass station at North Yak-
ima, Wash 54

VIII. Fig. 1. Collecting seed of seaside blue grass, near Morrison, Oreg. ;

Fig. 2. Seaside or Astoria blue grass {Poa macrantha) 55

IX. Fig. 1. A single plant of dwarf Essex rape grown at Kalispell, Mont.;

Fig. 2. Rape grown at Mellette, S. Dak 56

X. Fig. 1. Turkestan alfalfa grown at North Yakima, Wash., 1899;

Fig. 2. Alfalfa, Bellefourche, S. Dak. ,1897 58

XI. Fig. 1 . Velvet bean, in an orange grove near Earleton, Fla. ; Fig. 2.

Sainfoin, Esparcette ( Oiiobrychis sativa) 65

XII. Fig. 1. Hairy vetch, grass garden, Washington, D. C. ; Fig. 2. Austra-
lian saltbush, in grass garden, Washington, D. C 75

XIII. Fig. 1. Winter fat; Sweet sage {Euroiia lanata) , native growth ; Fig.
2. Sand dune formed by seaside blue grass, near Seaside,
Oreg 84

FIGURE.

Fig. 1 . Tsama watermelon ( CitruUus vulgaris) 86

4

COOPERATIVE EXPERIMENTS WITH GRASSES AND FORAGE

PLANTS.

INTRODUCTION.

The interest in the introduction of useful grasses and forage plants
is increasing throughout the country every year. Daily applications
are received from farmers who desire to cooperate with the Division
in the important work of introduction and trial of new or untried
varieties. Thus is created a greater demand for certain varieties
which might never have been brought into cultivation except by the
efforts of the Department of Agriculture. For example, the smooth
brome grass, hairy vetch, Turkestan alfalfa, velvet bean, sulla, Metcalfe
bean, slender wheat grass, Western wheat grass, Japanese barnyard
millet, and many others may be cited.

The main object is to introduce into cultivation native and foreign
varieties of grass and forage plants that are suitable for certain pur-
poses or conditions. Some plants have been found to be excellent
drought-resisters; others, on account of their strong, creeping root-
stocks, are found to be well adapted to bind the drifting sands of our
coasts and lake shores, while still others have the power to resist the
trampling of stock and are valuable for reclaiming the cattle ranges of
the great West. Demands come from the South, where the land has
become exhausted by continuous growing of cotton, for forage plants
that will restore the fertility of the soil. There are large tracts of land
in the country where the soil is so alkaline that the cultivated grasses
will not grow on them. By the introduction of saltbushes on these
lands a nourishing forage can be produced which is liked by all kinds
of stock. Other requests are made for trial packages of seed suit-
able for lawns, golf links, fair grounds, and parks in all sections of the
United States. The climate and soil conditions of the country are so
varied that much study, observation, and experimentation is neces-
sary in order to meet the needs of the different sections and to carry
on a wise, useful, and economical distribution.

Since 1896 this Division has distributed 5,120 packages of seed,
including 251 varieties of grasses and forage plants, to volunteer
experimenters, 2,927 packages to experiment stations and universities,
and 1,110 packages to foreign countries, making a total of 9,157
packages.

5

6

Farmers to the number of 1,713 in all parts of the United States
have complied with the request for a report as to their success or
failure with these seeds. We desire here to acknowledge and to thank
all those kindly filling out the blanks forwarded to them, thus making
possible the production of this report.

This distribution does not include large consignments of grass and
forage plant seeds sent to our special agents at Walla Walla, Wash.,
Abilene, Tex., and Highmore, S. Dak. The detailed reports from
these stations on the results obtained are published in Circulars 21, 22,
and 23 of the Division of Agrostology.

SEED DISTRIBUTION TO VOLUNTEER EXPERIMENTERS.

Trials of new grasses and forage plants are necessary that ranchers
and farmers in all parts of the country may determine their suitability
each for his own district. After selection of the promising varieties
has been made they can be grown on a larger scale and tinall}- adopted
without the useless expenditure of time, money, and labor often attend-
ing attempts to grow new forage crops. This introduction of new
grasses and the improvement of those already in cultivation is very
necessary and important. Many of the ranges have been overstocked
and require renewing, and it is a serious question as to what are the
best grasses with which to reseed them.

Experiments, to be properly carried on, must receive careful atten-
tion; occasional examinations of the plats must be made and the rate
of growth and progress carefully noted, so that at the close of the
season one can select the varieties that are worthy and suitable for
the locality.

During the last three fiscal years 5,120 packages of grass and forage
plant seeds, including 251 different varieties, have been distributed by
this Division to volunteer experimenters throughout the United States.
Table I indicates the variety and the number of packages distributed
during the fiscal years 1896-97, 1897-98, 1898-99.

Some of the varieties which have been distributed extensively are
Turkestan alfalfa, blue grama, bur clover, dwarf Essex rape, hairy
vetch, Japanese barnyard millet, meadow fescue, Metcalfe bean, Rus-
sian red clover, rescue grass, Rhode Island bent grass, shad scale,
smooth brome grass, slender wheat grass, side oats grama, soy beans,
sorghum, sulla, velvet bean, Virginia lyme grass. The seed is obtained
for the Division mainly through special agents, who go out into the
field during the summer months and collect the seed of those native
varieties which by their habit of growth and general appearance seem
likely to prove valuable under cultivation. A considerable quantity
of seed is also grown at the experiment stations at Walla Walla and
Yakima, Wash., and large quantities of a few varieties from foreign

countries have been distributed directly by the Division or through the
Section of Seed and Plant Introduction.

Table I. — Number of packages and varieties of grass and forage plant seeds distributed to
experimenters, and number and kinds of reports of experiments received.

Number of trial packages dis-
tributed to experimenters.

Variety.

Fiscal year-

1896-97.

African millet (Eleusine corocana) ...

Agropyron acutimi

Agropyrt)n das\stach yum

Agropyron dasystachyum subvillosum

Agropyron rigidum

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

Alkali -iaccaton (Panieum bulbosum)

Alpine timothy (Phleum alpinum)

Alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum)

American lyme grass (Elymus ameri-

eanus)

American reed bent (Calamagrostisameri-

cana)

Andropogon annulatus

Andropogon laniger

Andropogon pertusus

Andropogon saccharoides

Andropogon schcenanthus

Andrtipi igon seoparius

Andropogon squarrosa

Androsace occidentalis

Annual saltbush (Atriplex holocarpa)

Apluda cri.stata

Atriplex angulata

Australian saltbush (Atriplex semibacca-

tum)

Bearded wheat grass (Agropyron cani-

num)

Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon)

" Best all round grass "

Bladder saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria)

Black grama (Hilaria mutica)

Blue jointgrass (Calamagrostis canaden-
sis)

Blue grama (Boutelouaoligostaehya)

Bowie grass (Panieum effusum)

Big blue stem (Andropogon provincialis)

Bouteloua mixture

Broad-leafed spike grass (Uniola latifo-

lia)

Brown's lyme grass (Elymus innovatus) . .

Bromus maximus

Bromus pumpellianus

Buffalo grass (Bulbilis dactyloides)

Buffalo bunch grass (Festuea scabrella) . .

Bunch red top (Poa buckleyana)

Bunch spear grass (Poa arida)

Bunch wheat grass (Agropyron divergens)

Bur clover (Medicago maculata)

Bunshy blue stem (Andropogon nutans) .
Button grass (Dactyloctenium austra-

liense) ."

Canadian blue grass (Poa compressa)

Canadian lyme grass (Elymus canadensis)

Calamagrostis sylvatica

Calamagrostis sp.

50

....

1897-98.

1898-99.

366
1

22
2

13

"i'

1

51

Cane (Arundinaria macrosperma) .

Capnoides aureum

Carex douglasii

Cenchrus biflorus

Cheetochloa glauca ,

Chsetochloa verticillata

Chick pea (Cicer aretinum)

Chichorium intybus

Chloris barbata

1
12

2
2
1
2

i

159
2

o

26

"3'

3

13
9
3

16
3
5
5

3

1

11

11

29

3

3

4

20

1

3
3
1
2
1
575
3

4
3
3
1
1
1
5
2
29
1
3

18

14

22

3

5

7

1
70

3
11

5

1
2
1

11
1

13
1

11

30
3

3
11
22
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1

Number and kind of

reports received from

experimenters.

99

94

18

o

148

10

"i
'14

8

Table I. — Numhei of packages and varieties of grass and forage plant seeds distributed to

experimenters, etc. — Continued.

Variety.

Number of trial packages dis-
tributed to experimenters.

Number and kind of

reports received from

experimenters.

No.

Fiscal year—

1

=3
H

13

8

a

"3

1896-97.

1897-98.

1898-99.

5q

Chloris cucullata

1
1
1

13
7
1
2

19'

11
37

i'

2

i'

1

go'

1

i'

i'

5
5
9
1

i'

1

15
4

1

3
1

34

18

43

2

1

4

1

11

1

?

1

01

1

1
2
1

2

1
1
4

1

7
7
9

5

}

1

19

5

9

3

1
31

7

4

1
24

1
34

2
414

7

4

4

1

n

6

1

20
1

78
7

12
4

13

60

Crab grass (Eragrostis neo-mexicana)

Crab grass (Paniciim sanguinale)

2

fil

6?

Creeping bent (Agrostis stolonifera)

Curly mesquit (Hilaria cenchroides)

2

9

"7'

1

1
3

10
1

63

64
6.'S

Crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum) ..
Crowfoot grass (Eleusine Egvptiaca) .

5

2

....

12

66

Colorado grass (Panicum texanum)

"4'

1

2
i

"2'

3

67

Cowpeas (Vigna catjang)

2

2
1

9

1
8

7

68

Cyperus rotundus (Nut grass)

m

Deccan grass (Panicum frumentaceum) . .

70

Desmodium biflorum

71

Ditch millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum)

i

7?

Dogtown grass (Aristida fasciculata)

73

Downy brome grass (Bromus tectorum)..

1
1

2
2

1
6

3

74

Dwarf Essex rape (Brassica napus)

2

2

12

75

Early bunch-grass (Eatonia obtusata)

76

Eleusine stricta

1
2
1
2

1

Elionurus hirsutus

7K

Elymus ambiguus

1

7'*

Eragrostis cynosuroides

80

Eragrostis stolonifera

81

Eragrostis tremula

1

1

1

1
2

89

Esparto grass (Lygeum spartum)

2

83

Esparto grass (Stipa tenacissima) .

84

False quack grass (Agropyron pseudo-
repens)

1

85

Fancy red top (Agrostis alba vulgaris)

2

3

5

86

Feather bunch grass (Stipa viridula)

87

Pestuca arundinacea

4
1

88

Festuca fenas

m

Festuca ovina tenuifolia

90

Finger grass (Chloris elegans)

PI

Field peas (Pisum arvense)

2

2

1

4

1

2

1

8

qo

Fine-top salt grass (Sporobolus airoides)

93

Flat pea (Lathyrus syl vestris)

9
2

6
2

1
1

1

1

1

9

94

Florida beggar weed (Desmodium tortuo-
sum)

1
1
2

5

4

95

Fowl meadow grass (Panicularianervata)
Foxtail millets (Chaetochloa italica)

96

29
2

1
1

4

7

12

97

Fresh-water cord grass (Spartina cynosu-
roides)

1

98

German millet (Chaetochloa Italica var.
germanica)

4

99

Giant brome (Bromus giganteus)

1
4

1

26'

2

2

2

100

Giant lyme grass (Elymus condensatus) .

1

1

....

4

101

Gracilea roj'leana

10'>

Grav salthush

34

6

1

7

103

Hairy-flowered lyme grass (Elymus hir-
sutiglumis)

1

332

5

1
98

1

4

104

Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa)

34
1

86
2

43

1

71

6

206

105

Hard fescue (Festuca duriuscula)

Hooker's brome grass (Bromus hookeri-
anus)

3

106

107

Hurrah erass fPanicnm reticulatuin"!

4

1

10S

Imperata arundinacea

1

n

109

Indian grass (Andropogon nutans avena-

ceuni)

110

3

3

111

Iseilema wrigbtii

1

119

Italian rye grass (Lolium italicum)

20

4

1

14

....

1

....

5

113

Japan clover (Lespedeza striata)

1

7
4

1

114

Japanese barnyarc millet (Panicum crus-
galli)

12
2

59

1

12
13

5

10

29

115

Japanese lawn grass (Zoysia pungens)

Jerusalem corn (Andropogon sorghum
vulgaris)

116

3
2

2

1
1

4

117
118

Johnson grass (Andropogon halapense) . .
Kaffir corn (Andropogon sorghum vul-
garis )

1

3

4

1

6

4

9

Table I. — Number of packages and varieties of grass and forage plant seeds distributed to

experimenters, etc. — Continued.

Variety.

Number of trial packages dis-
tributed to experimenters.

Fiscal year-

1896-97.

1897-98.

1898-99.

o

Number and kind of

reports received from

experimenters.

o

Kentucky blue grass (Poa pratensis)

King's fescue (Festuca kingii)

Koeleria valesiaca

LangsdorfY's reed bent (Calamagrostis

langsdorffii)

Lappula redouski

Large water grass (Paspalum dilitatum) ..

Leptochloa dubia

Lentils (Ervum lens) :

Lesquerella gordonii

Lotus americanus

Lupine (Lupinns sp.)

Marram Grass (Ammophila arenaria)

Meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis) . . .

Medicago media

Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis)

Meliea altissima

Metcalfe bean (Phaseolus retusus)

Mitchell grass (Astrebla pectinata)

Mixed sand grasses

Mogollon vetch (Vicia sp.)

Mollugc verticillata

Molinia coerulea

Montana reed bent (Calamagrostis mon-

tanensis)

Mountain spear grass (Poaalpina)

Mungrove millets from South Africa

Mutton grass (Poa fendleriana)

Nelson's saltbush (Atriplex pabularis)

Northern red top (Agrostis cxarata)

Northern spear grass (Poa nemoralis)

Northern wheat grass (Agropyron viola-

ceum) "

Nuttall's saltbush (Atriplex nuttallii)

Old man's saltbush (Rhagodia parabolica)

Orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata)

Oryza sativa

Panicum decompositum

Panicum floridanum

Panicum hallii

Panicum avenaceum

Panicum humile

Panicum javanicum

Panicum violaceum . . ."

Panicjim sanguinale

Panicularia sp

Poa flava

Poa laevigata

Poa wheeleri

Poa sp

Pasture mixture

Purple reed bent (Calamagrostis purpu-

rascens)

Quack grass (Agropyron repens)

Red clover (Trifolium pratense)

Red fescue (Festuca rubra)

Red lump millet (Panicum miliaceum) ..

Red top (Agrostis alba)

Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea)

Rescue grass (Bromus unioloides)

Rhode Island bent (Agrostes canina)

Richardson's wheat grass (Agropyron

richardsonii)

Rocky mountain hairgrass (Deschampsia

caespitosa)

Rough-stalked meadow grass (Poa trivia-

lis)

Round-leaved saltbush (Atriplex num-

mularia)

Saccaton(Muhlenbergiadisticliophylla) . .

15
1
1
2
3

1

2

8
10

4
387

329

7
345

17

15
10

2

1

14

14
7

37
2

22

4
16

18
3
1
9

1

1

15

21

2
3

46
27

17

10

1

6
1
3
3

19
1
1
1
3

14

11

424

2

22
1
2
4
1
1

3
2
1
9
6
4
16

2
4
8
2

i
1
1
1

2
3
1
1
2

i
1

18
3
1
9

1

1

344

28

360

10

4

48

47

1

11

1

8
10

44

101

63

162

4

166

7

10

10

Table I. — Number of packages and varieties of grass and forage plant seeds distributed to

experimenters, etc. — Continued.

No.

181
182
183
184
185

186
187
188
189
190
191

192
193
194
196
196

197
198
199
200
201
202

203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232

233
234
235
236
237

238
239
240
241
242

Variety.

1896-97.

Saccaton (Sporobolus wrightii)

Saecharum spontaneum

Sand bur (Cenchrus tribuloides)

Sainfoin (Onobryciiis sativa) ,

Sand rushi-grass (Sporobolus depaupera-

tus)

Sapling clover (Trifolium media)

Seaside blue grass (Poa macranttia)

Serradella fOrnithopus sativa)

Shad scale (Atriplex canescens)

Shama millet (Panicum colonum)

Short-awned brome (Bromus breviarista-

tus)

Sheep's fescue (Festuca ovina)

Side oats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula)

Silvery salt sage (Atriplex argentea)

Sixweeks grama (Bouteloua polystachya)
Slender-fruited saltbush (Atriplex lepto-

carpa)

Slender wheat grass (Agropyron tenerum)
Slough grass (Beckmannia erucaeformis) .

Smooth brome (Bromus inermis)

Smooth lyme grass (Elymus glaucus)

Snail clover (Medicago turbinata)

Southern canary grass (Phalaris caro-

liniana)

Soy bean (Glycine hispida)

Spiny salt sage (Atriplex confertifolia) . . .

Sporobolus arabicus

Sporobolus cryptandrus

SJjorobolus richardsoni

Spongy saltbush (Atriplex spongicsum) . .
Sorghum (Andropogonsorghum vulgaris) .

Sprangle top ^Scolochloa festucacea)

Squirrel grass (Hordeum murinum)

Stink grass (Eragrostis major) ,

Stolley's vetch (Vicia leavenworthii)

Sulla (Hedysarum coronarium)

Swamp chess (Bromus ciliatus) ,

Sweet clover (Melilotus alba)

Switch grass (Panicum virgatum)

Sysymbrium canescens

Tali fescue (Festuca elatior) ,

Tall oat gra.ss (Arrhenatherum elatius) . .

Teosinte (Euchlaena mexicana)

Tefl (Eragrostis abyssinica)

Texas blue grass (Poa arachnifera)

Texan grama (Bouteloua texanaj

Texan timothy (Lycurus pleoides)

Tetradynia canescens

Timothy (Phleum pratense)_

Top grama (Bouteloua juncifolia)

Trifolium involucratum

Tsama watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) . .
Tweedy's feather grass (Stipatweedyi) ..
Twisted beard grass (Andropogon contor-

tus)

Uniola laxa

Uniola longipipes

Upright che.ss (Bromus racemosus)

Utah saltbush (Atriplex truncata)

Various-leaved fescue (Festuca hetero-

phylla

Velvet bean (Mucuna utilis)

Velvet grass (Holcus lanatus)

Veronica peregrina

Virginia lyme grass (Elymus virginicus) .
Western wheat grass (Agropyron si)ica-

tum)

Number of trial packages dis-
tributed to experimenters.

Fiscal year —

1897-98.

60

18

1
29

26
7

1
2

24

6

"•ii

49

401
1
2

5
39

7

23
....

"8

12

19

1

1

6

1898-99.

1

17

2
19
18

27
17

7

3

40

7

106

1

2
86

16
9

1

2

29

3

10
4
3
2

4
15

19

22

o
H

3
19

18
2

85
6

28
18
71
12
6

21

89

8

536

2

2

7
151
7
7
3
1
2
63
9
1
1

10

29

3

1

1

2

14

11

10

3

1

2

6

1

1

24

7

3

5

1
1
1
3

16

34

1

1

26

30

Number and kind of

reports received from

experimenters.

88

63

10

121

10

12

32

Table I.-

11

-Number of packages and varieties of grass and forage plant seeds distributed to
experimenters, etc. — Continued.

Variety.

Number of trial packages dis-
tributed to experimenters.

Number and kind of

reports received from

e.x;perimenters.

No.

Kscal year —

1

CO

'3

s

J

1

a

8

a

"3

1896-97.

1897-98.

1898-99.

3

H

•>4S

White clover (Trifollum repens)

1
1
3

6

3

12

1

3'

2

5'

7

4
15

1
39

3

2

4
6

')44

Wild chess (Bromus kalmii)

1

....

1

''45

Wild timothy (Muhlenbergia racemosa) ..

'''Ifi

Windmill grass (Chloris verticillata)

047

Winter fat (Eurotia lanata)

35

4

10

1

11

248

Wyoming blue grass (Poa wheeleri) ...

249

Woolly bent grass (Calamovilfa longi-
folia

250

Woolly-jointed grama (Bouteloua erio-
poda)

2

2

1

oiil

Yellow snear errass f Poa lucidal

Total

632

2,749

1,739

5, 120

718

287

607

101

1,713

SEED DISTRIBUTION TO EXPERIMENT STATIONS, BOTANICAL
GARDENS, AND UNIVERSITIES.

An important work of the Division has been to supply the experi-
ment stations throughout the United States with grass and forage-plant
seeds for experimental purposes. Many of these varieties could not
easily be obtained in any other way, as they are not on the market.

By examination of Table II it will be seen that during the last three
fiscal years 2,927 packages have been distributed to 33 experiment
stations, 2 universities, and 1 botanical garden. The stations receiving
the largest number of varieties were those in Arizona, California,
Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Ohio, Oregon, South Dakota, Tennessee,
Texas, Washington, and Wyoming. These lots averaged 135 different
varieties of grass and forage plants. The results of the experiments
have not in all cases been reported to the Division, but were published
in the various bulletins and reports of the stations, to which the readei
is referred for detailed information.

The receipt of reports from the experiment stations of Alabama,
Arizona, Georgia, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota,
Tennessee, Washington, Wyoming, Cornell University, and California
is here acknowledged. The results of this distribution are now being
compiled and will be published later as a separate report from this
division.

12

Table U. ^Number of packages of grass and forage plant seeds distributed to experiment

stations and universities.

Experiment station or university.

Alabama Experiment Station, AuDurn, Ala

Arizona Experiment Station, Tucson, Ariz

California Experiment Station, Berkeley, Cal

Florida Experiment Station, Lake City, Fla

Georgia Experiment Station, Experiment, Ga

Hatch Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass

Idaho Experiment Station, Moscow, Idaho

Illinois Experiment Station, Urbana, 111

Iowa Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa

Kansas Experiment Station, Manhattan, Kans

Louisiana Experiment Station, Calhoun, La

Maryland Experiment Station, College Park, Md

Michigan Experiment Station, Lansing, Mich

Minnesota Experiment Station, St. Anthony Park, Minn.

Minnesota sub-Experiment Station, Crookston, Minn

Missouri Experiment Station Columbia, Mo

Montana Experiment Station, Bozeman, Mont

Nebraska Experiment Station, Lincoln, Nebr

Nevada Experiment Station, Reno, Nev

New Mexico Experiment Station, Mesilla Park N. Mex .

New York Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y

North Dakota Experiment Station, Fargo, N. Dak

Ohio Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio

Oklahoma Experiment Station, Stillwater, Okla

Oregon Experiment Station, Corvallis, Ore

Rhode Island Experiment Station, Kingston, R. I

South Dakota Experiment Station, Brookings, S. Dak

Tennessee Experiment Station, Knoxville, Tenn

Texas Experiment Station, Col lege Station, Tex

Utah Experiment Station, Logan, Utah

Washington Experiment Station, Pullman, Wash

Wisconsin Experiment Station, Madison, Wis

Wyoming Experiment Station, Laramie, Wyo

Cornell University, Botanical IDepartment, Ithaca, N. Y'..

New York Botanical Gardens, New Y'ork City

Washington-Lee University, Lexington, Va

Total.

Fiscal year.

1896-97. 1897-98. 1898-99.

17
135
135

45

13

6

5

135

140

7
63
67

2

72

132

5

79
114

71

140

5

141

74
115

79

128

7

135

122

84

2, 281

50

3
22

11
45

9

'38

184

36

ii

51

Total.

133
114

109

462

18

135

139

1

46

13

92

5

146

140

1

7

63

67

2

3

94

132

5

51

8

79

114

71

140

5

152

119

115

84

129

7

268

245

84

147

2,927

SEED DISTRIBUTION TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES.

A large number of packages of grass and forage-plant seeds have
been distributed by the Division to foreign countries, from many of
which we have received in return seeds of promising varieties for cul-
tivation in this countiy.

By examining Table No. Ill it will be seen that 1,110 packages
have been distributed during the last three years. Many requests
are received for seed for purely botanical purposes, so that only small
packages have been sent out. In 1897, 122 varieties of grass and
forage-plant seeds were sent to Prof. D. McAlpine, the government
vegetable pathologist for the Department of Agriculture, at Victoria,
New South Wales, the object being to test their growth under dif-
ferent conditions of soil, climate, and moisture, but mainly to prove
their drought-resisting properties. Twenty-one of these grasses
resisted drought, and of these seven were very conspicuous for
their fresh green growth. Among the forage plants other than the
grasses, two were found to be suitable to Australian conditions and
very resistant to drought. These were hairy vetch and a variety

13

of the much-branched knotweed {Polygomom ramosissinium). Of
the wheat g-rasses tested, bearded wheat grass, slender wheat grass,
Western wheat grass, and false couch grass were found to resist drought
well and to form a close, dense, grassy, succulent sward, especially the
two last-named species. Among the l3"me grasses 5 species were tested
and 3 found to be highly drought resisting, viz, Canada lyme grass,
giant lyme grass, and Virginia lyme grass. Eleven different fescues
were tried, and only two, reed fescue and tall meadow fescue, proved
to be of value, the latter forming a dense, succulent, grassy sward. Of
the panic grasses 5 varieties were tested and 3 germinated, viz, the
barn3^ard millet, deccan grass, and switch grass. The barnyard millet
did remarkably well and produced a succulent growth 3 feet high.
Out of the 16 forage plants not belonging to the true grasses only 3
germinated, viz, Dakota vetch {Ilosackia purshiana)^ much-branched
knotweed {PoJygonmn ramosissimum)^ and hairy vetch {Yicia mllosa).
The Dakota vetch produced a poor and straggling growth. The knot-
weed grew freely, ])ranching and spreading, and attaining a height of
4i feet. It withstood the drought well, but after the leaves fell off it
became rather woody. Horses were very fond of the foliage. The hairy
vetch grew luxuriantly and freely. It germinated in 20 days and
rapidly formed a tangled mass of vegetative growth. It has been
reported as a weed from some parts of Victoria; however there is little
doubt but that it will prove to be an excellent soiling crop and green
manure in Australia as well as here.

Dr. P. MacOwan, the government botanist for Cape Colony, also
received 123 packages of grass and forage-plant seeds from this
Division in 1897. Out of these the grama grasses and buffalo grass
have proved to be of some value, and among the forage plants other
than the grasses the velvet bean and Metcalfe bean are promising
v'arieties, the former now being widely distributed by the Govern-
ment at about 80 cents per pound.

Five pounds of seed of velvet bean were sent to the department oi
Agriculture of New Zealand, and it is now being widely distributed ir
that country. It thrives well in the vicinity of Brisbane, Queensland,
and is commonly regarded as a valuable addition to the forage plants
of northern New Zealand. Favorable reports have also been received
from Prof. J. F. Duthie, of Saharanpoor, Northwest Province, India,
in regard to the introduction of the Metcalfe bean.

14

Table III. — Number of packages of gntss and furaye plant seeds distrilmted to foreign

countries.

Country.

Africa:

Capetown, Capo Colony, Dr. P. MacOwan

Mustfippa, Algeria, Prof. L. Trabut

Durban, Natal, Prof. J. Medley Wood

Tunis, .\lgeria, I'Directeur de 1' Agriculture et du commerce
Argentine Republic:

La Plata, Dr. Antonia, general director of the department

of agricultural chemistry

Australia:

Adelaide, Hon. A. Molineux, secretary of agriculture

Melbourne, Prof. D. McAlpine, department of agriculture.

North Queensland, Town Hall, Charles Towers and Henry
O. Walkers

Victoria, Ruffy Post-office, J. H. Noiya

Canada:

Ottawa, experiment station. Prof. J. Fletcher

Toronto, King street, East, J. A. Simmers

Central America:

Honduras, Dr. R. Fritzgartner, director of mint

England:

Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew

Cirencester, Franli McClellan

Oxford, 80 Woodstock road. Prof. R. B. Townsend

Egypt:

Ghezeh, School of Agriculture, Prof. W. C. Mackenzie,

director

France:

Limoges, M. Ch. Le Gendre ;

Holland:

Middleburg, M. Buysman

India:

Saharanpoor, Northwest Province, Prof. .T. F. Duthie

Madeira:

Funchal, J. B. Blandy

Mexico:

Santa Cruz, .T. Lawton Taylor

Samoa:

Apia, Hon. William Churchhill, United States consul-
general

Switzerland:

Zurich, director seed-control station

Fiscal year.

1896-97. 1897-98. 1898-99.

Total.

121

1

122

122
122

2

6

135

6
112

121

b
119

995

20

36

Total.

20

42

123
1

122
6

20

122
122

2

6

135
3

112

20

3

6
4

42

122

2

6

6

119

1,110

REPORTS RECEIVED FROM VOLUNTEER EXPERIMENTERS.

The cooperation which the Division has received from farmers in all
parts of the countiy is very gratifying. It proves that they are alive
to their own interests and are anxious to become familiar with newl^'
tried or recently introduced grasses and forage plants that are likely
to prove of considerable value under cultivation. B}^ examination
of the table on page 11, it will be seen that a total of 1,713 reports
has been received in answer to 5,120 packages of seed sent out. This
large difference is mainly due to the fact that when the seed was first
distributed in 1896-97 no report blanks were sent or requests made for
a report as to the results of the experiments, and, in some cases in later
years, by neglect on the part of the experimenter to take notes on the
plants during their growth. In consequence of this they had not the
necessary knowledge to fill out the ])lanks forwarded them and so
neglected sending in a report of any kind.

Bui. 22, Div. of Agrostology, U. S. Dept of AgricuKure.

Plate I.

Fig. 1. -Bunch Wheat Grass (Aqropyron diverqens), U. S. Grass Station at Walla

Walla. Wash

Fig. 2.- Bunch Wheat Grass (Natural Growth^ Oregon.

From a iihotograjjh l)y A. B. Leckeuby.

15

During the years 1898 and 1899 blanks for reports were sent to all
those receiving seed from this Division for trial, containing the follow-
ing questions:

(1) Kiiid, conditions, and preparation of soil?

(2) Date and method of planting?

(3) Cultivation, if any?

(4) Date of harvesting and stage of maturity reached when harvestel?

(5) Date of ripening?

(6) Yield per acre (if practicable) ?

(7) Quality of product?

(8) Notes on growth, probable, value, etc.?

It will be noticed that there are many varieties in the table which
have been reported on and yet are not included in this report, there
being 251 varieties sent out and only 10 discussed. The reason for this
is that the economic value of the others has not been sufficiently
demonstrated to warrant a report on them at this time. The number
of reports is given in the table on page 11, under the following divisions:
Excellent, 101; good, 607; unsatisfactory, 287; failures, 718.

The largest number of reports have been received on the following
varieties: Smooth brome-grass, 284; hairy vetch, 206; red lump millet,
166; red clover, 152; alfalfa, 118; and meadow fescue, 101.

VARIETIES OF SEED EXPERIMENTED WITH AND TESTIMONY OF

EXPERIMENTERS.

BUNCH WHEAT GRASS (Agropyron divergens) .

(Plate I, figs. 1 and 2.)

A slender, usually densel}^ tufted native grass, 1 to 2 feet or more
high, with very narrow spreading leaves and usually bearded spikes.
This grass is common in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Slope regions,
extending westward to the coast. When grown upon good soil it pos-
sesses much agricultural value and is considered by ranchmen as a good
grass for winter grazing. As it will thrive in the semiarid regions of
the Northwest, its cultivation should be carried on more extensively.
Seeds of this variety were sent to 11 experimenters, but no reports have
yet been received.

Our special agent at Walla Walla, Wash., from the results of experi-
ments carried on at the station, considers it one of the best grasses
for reclaiming the worn-out ranges, as it thrives under conditions of
extreme drought and affords excellent pasturage for all kinds of stock.

WESTERN WHEAT GRASS (Agropyron spicatum).

A rigid, upright, perennial, native grass, li to 2i feet high, with
foliage, spikes, and rootstocks closely resembling the common couch
grass of the Eastern States. The whole plant differs, however, from

16

the quack grass in having- a bhiish color, and on this account has received
the name "blue stem." This grass is quite distinct from the blue-stem
grasses of Nebraska and other Western States, which are Androjxxjons.
In its native state western wheat grass is found growing on bench
lands and river bottoms. It grows luxuriantly all over central Texas
and withstands the droughts to which that section of the country is
periodically subjected. While it will not produce as much hay to the
acre as some other species, stockmen value it highly for its nutritive
qualities. In Montana and the neighboring States it furnishes a con-
siderable amount of native hay and pasturage, and is there regarded as
one of the most important forage plants. This grass would make
excellent hay, and should be introduced into cultivation.

Thirty experimenters were supplied with seed of western wheat grass
by this Division in the spring of 1899, but only 5 have reported, with 1
satisfactory result. The large number of failures is probably due to
lack of knowledge of the best time and method of sowing the seed of
this grass.

Mr. George T. McWhorter, Riverton, Colbert County, Ala., writes:

The seed was sown broadcast on a deep, smooth bed on March 1, 1899. It germi-
nated and grew moderately well, then died down dnring the drought, but revived
again after the light fall rains. So far it is a promising variety.

SLENDER WHEAT GRASS (Agropyron tenerum) .

A valuable native perennial grass about 3 to 1 feet high, with
numerous soft leaves and a long, slender, erect spike. It is found
growing wild in dry soil from New Mexico and southern California to
Washington and British Columbia and eastward to New Hampshire
and Labrador. It responds readily to cultivation and produces excel-
lent results when slightly irrigated. When well grown it forms a
close, uniform growth that yields as much per acre as an average field
of timothy. Considering its high nutritive value no more profitable
grass can be found for dry regions, especially on saline soils. It is
one of the most valuable grasses for the Rocky Mountain region.
During the years 1898 and 1899, 89 three-pound packages of the seed
of slender wheat grass were distributed. This distribution includes
experimenters in 12 difi'erent States. Twenty-eight reports have been
received from 10 different States, very favorable ones having been
received from Colorado, Idaho, Montana, and South Dakota.

The following reports will indicate its value in some sections of the
country:

Mr. Marion Flaherty, Bozeman, Gallatin County, Mont. :

The slender wheat grass made a good growth, at least 2 feet high. Stock eat it as
well as clover or timothy. I think wheat grass will make a valuable feed for young
stock. I want to try it on a larger scale next year.

17

Mr. Ellis M. Cameron, Post Falls, Kootenai County, Idaho:

The seed was received very late and did not have a fair chance, but it came up
evenly and maintained a strong, vigorous growth all through the extremely hot
weather until destroyed by grasshoppers. It is the most vigorous grass I have ever
tested in this country and is a very valuable forage plant.

Mr. W. H. H. Phillips, Brookings, Brookings County, S. Dak. :

I am very much pleased with this grass. I judge that it would produce at least 2
tons of hay per acre. It crowded out every weed and other grass, and even took a
good hold on a small piece of sod. We need such a grass for our weedy pastures.

RHODE ISLAND BENT GRASS (Agrostis canina.)i

This species of bent grass was introduced from Europe, and is now
cultivated to some extent in the Eastern States for lawns, golf links,
tennis courts, polo grounds, and occasionally for permanent meadows
and pastures. In beauty and texture it is surpassed only b}^ the creep-
ing bent. The seed ma}^ be sown from the middle of April to the
middle of May, or from the middle of August to the middle of Septem-
ber. If sown iu the spring, it should be done as early as the land is
in suitable condition, in order that the young plants may become
sufficiently weU established to withstand the often dry and hot summer
mouths. The seed should be scattered evenly over the surface, and
not covered by more than one-eighth of an inch of earth.

Since 1896 seed of this variety has been sent to forty-six experi-
menters, eight of whom have sent in reports, and only one of these is
favorable. Most of the others failed to get the seed to germinate sat-
isfactorily. These failures are in some instances due to requests for
seed to be sown in parts of the South and Southwest, where it would be
almost impossible without the greatest care to get a stand of this grass.
In others they are due to the small quantity of seed (1 quart) sent
out, and the difficulty in recognizing the 3"oung plants, which are very
small. When seeding down a lawn, a liberal quantity should always be
used. As a rule, about li pounds to 100 square yards or .3 to 4 bushels
per acre is sufficient, poor land requiring more seed than fertile land.

The following report has been received:

Mr. James Hines, Anaconda, Teller County, Colo. :

A good, black, well-prepared sandy loam was used. The seed was sown about
the middle of June. It is doing nicely, and has not winterkilled.

CREEPING BENT (Agrostis stolonifera)

1

A fine-leafed, hardy, native, perennial grass with long, prostrate, or
creeping stems, which spread very rapidly and form an excellent vel-
vety turf for lawns. In texture it far surpasses any of the other lawn
grasses. The color of the lawn produced by it is somewhat lighter

* See "Lawns and Lawn Making," by F. Lamson-Scribner, in Yearbook of Depart-
ment of Agriculture for 1897, p. 355.
15799— No. 22 2

18

than Kentucky blue grass; but if this be regarded as a fault, it is fully
counterbalanced by its superior turf-forming habit. When a lawn is
desired within a short space of time and a small portion of turf Is
accessible, it may be carefully cut and divided into pieces i! or 8 inches
square, and transplanted about 6 to 8 inches apart. If the soil has been
properly prepared, the grass will spread entirely over the whole surface
in less than three months, and make a more certain and satisfactory lawn
than can be obtained by seeding.

When seed is used, it may be sown from the middle of March to the
middle of April, when it will produce an excellent turf by September,
providing the soil has been well prepared. Seed may also be sown in
the fall, but it must be done early enough to secure a good strong
growth before winter sets in. Twenty pounds of seed per 100 feet
square or 3 bushels per acre is recommended for the best results.
In the far South and Southwest, creeping bent can not be successfully
grown.

Thirty -four experimenters have been supplied with trial packages
by this Division since 1896, 9 of whom have complied with the request
for a report. In 3 cases the seed germinated well, but was killed out
by long-protracted drought, while in the other cases the seed failed to
germinate.

"Iff. B." SORGHTJM (Andropogon sorgliuin vulgaris).'

This variety of sorghum was originated by Miss Mary Best, of
Medicine Lodge, Kans.; hence the name "M. B." Sorghum. A con-
siderable quantity of seed was sent by her to the Department, and a
portion of it was distributed by this Division as follows: To 3 experi-
menters in Florida, 6 in Georgia, 2 in Mississippi, 2 in Nebraska, 2 in
South Dakota, 1 in Texas, and 1 in Virginia. Eleven out of the 17 receiv-
ing the seed sent in reports, of which the following are representative:

Mr. Philip D. Cory, Keller, Bryan County, Ga. :

This plant impresses me favorably. It is earlier than Orange and is a more
vigorous grower. I regret that circumstances have prevented me from making a
sirup test. Our stock — horses, cattle, hogs are unequivocal in their commendation
of it as a forage plant.

Mr. A. T. George, Cuthbert, Randolph County, Ga. :

It is very fine; nothing better. As it grows very quickly, its value cannot be
excelled. There is nothing better either to feed green or to cure and feed dry. It
makes more forage to the acre than anything else we sow, and is excellent for all
kinds of stock.

Mr. J. L. Stevens, Waldo, Alachua County, Fla. :

I think it is a good forage plant for Florida. It did very well, even though it was
planted late in the season.

'For discussion of "Sorghum as a forage crop," see Farmers' Bulletin No. 50, U. S.
Department of Agriculture. (Agros. 13.) jfl

Bui. 22 Div. of Agrostology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate II.

Johnson Grass in Grass Garden on Grounds of United
States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D G.

19

Hon. H. C. Warner, Forestburg, Sanborn County, S. Dak.:

This variety was grown in comparison with amber cane, and had greater leafage
and suckers. It was dried in the shock and then fed to milch cows, which ate the
leaves and heads readily, but would not eat the stalks. It is not, however, as profit-
able as corn for this section.

JOHNSON GRASS (Andropogon halepensis) .
(Plate II.)

A stout perennial with smooth, erect stems, 3 to 8 feet or more
high, and strong, creeping rootstocks. It is a native of southern
Europe and the warmer parts of Asia and northern Africa. Its intro-
duction into this country is said to have occurred as follows : In 1840
the Sultan of Turkey wrote to Governor Means of South Carolina
asking that he send a competent man to teach his subjects how to raise
cotton. A Colonel Davis was sent, and upon his return he brought
back man}^ valuable seeds, among which was the seed of what
was there called Sicily grass. In 1845 Mr. William Johnson, of Ala-
bama, went to South Carolina, where he obtained some of this seed,
which he brought home in his saddlebags and sowed in his plantation,
where it still grows. From this farm much of the seed was obtained
at that time ; hence the name Johnson Grass. This grass has now
become widely distributed and well known throughout the Southern
States, where it is much valued for hay, if cut at the time of full
bloom. Because of its rapid growth, it will give from 2 to 4 cuttings
yearly, and each cutting will make from 1 to 2 tons of hay. The
serious objections to its cultivation are the great difficulty of destroying
it when the land is required for other purposes, and the ease with
which it spreads to fields where it is not wanted.

Mr. Herbert Post, formerly of Alabama, now of Fort Worth,
Tex. , gives the following method of eradication :

Don't expect to get rid of this grass by spring or summer cultivation. It can not
be done. In the month of August the summer growth has about ceased. With
a strong team and a 2-horse plow break up the ground to the depth of 6 inches,
leaving the furrows as high and rough as possible. The action of the elements
mellows the soil and all exposed roots die. In two or three weeks, with a straight-
toothed harrow (not slanting) , cross the furrows and draw the remaining roots to the
surface, where they will soon die. Your hogs would delight to have them. When
ready to put in fall grain, plow again across the furrows to the depth of 8 inches ;
harrow well, and sow wheat, barley, oats, or rye. Pasture during the winter and
early summer, and cut the crop for hay or summer feed. On the stubble sow
broadcast 2 bushels of cowpeas, and harrow them in. In early fall cut the vines for
hay, or, what will be still better for the land, plow the vines under while still green.
Now you are rid of the Johnson grass, and you can plant any crop you desire, as the
roots of this grass, cut off 8 inches below the surface, will decay.

Very little seed of this grass has been distributed by the Division,
as the farmers are very much prejudiced against it and are afraid to
sow it. Those who have given it a trial, however, report it a great

20

success, excellent reports having- been received from Louisiana, Mis-
sissippi, and Texas. Man}^ others, however, condemn it very strongly
and look upon it as one of the most dangerous weeds. The following
are some of the reports for and against the cultivation of this grass:
Mr. Herbert Post, Fort Worth, Tex. :

My knowledge of thisgrass is obtained from the cultivation of it for twenty-five j'ears,
fifteen of which I grew it for hay in Alabama, where it came into competition with
Northern hay and brought the same price. Even those who do not like it in their culti-
vated fields acknowledge its great value. Because of its rapid growth, it can be cut 3
and 4 times each season, and is earning more money than any hoed crops. Mr. N. B.
Moore, a prominent farmer of Georgia, for forty years experimented with various
grasses and finally chose this grass as the best of all, and it is still growing on his
place near Augusta, the whole farm being given up to it from choice.

Prof. S. A. Hoover, Springfield, Greene County, Mo. :

I look upon it as the most dangerous weed that can enter the State. I believe
when it once gets a foothold on a farm it is utterly impossible to get rid of it. It
spreads by means of its rootstocks as well as by its seeds. Plowing only helps it to
spread by breaking up these rootstocks and scattering the pieces. It is simply irn-
possible to grow any crop with Johnson grass. The immense number and size of
its rootstocks prevent the growth or cultivation of other plants with this pest. Hogs
will eat the rootstocks, but there are always enough pieces left to start another crop.
It grows entirely too coarse for hay in this part of the country. In western Texas,
where the rainfall is light and other forage plants do not succeed, it is a good thing
to raise for hay, as the land can be completely given up to it. In this State and in
Kansas, where much better forage plants may be grown successfully, it seems very
foolish to attempt its cultivation. In fact, farmers ought to be on the lookout to
destroy every stalk that makes its appearance.

SMOOTH BROME GRASS (Bromus inermis) . '
(Plate III.)

The seed of this variety was obtained by the Secretary of Agricul-
ture for the Department through Prof. N. E. Hansen in February,
1898. The lot consisted of 12 tons from the Penza province, in the
Volga River region of Russia. At the agricultural school at Uralsk,
on the Ural River, where the annual rainfall is 12.6 inches, the smooth
brome grass was regarded as the best grass for the steppes. Professor
Hansen writes:

The best Russian authorities do not think this grass equal to timothy in feeding
value, but it flourishes in sections where timothy is an utter failure. Its chief value
will probably be in dry regions.

Smooth brome grass is a vigorous, hardy perennial, with strong,

creeping rootstocks, smooth, upright, leafy stems 1 to 4 feet high,

and loose, open panicles or "seed heads" 4 to 8 inches long. In a few

years it forms a very tough sod, soon crowding out other grasses,

clovers, and weeds. Its remarkable drought-resisting qualities have

I For full discussions on smooth brome grass see Circular No. 18, Division of Agros-
tology, U. S. Dept. Agr.; Nebraska Experiment Station Bui. No. 61; South Dakota
Experiment Station Bui. No. 45; North Dakota Experiment Station Bui. No. 40.

Bui 22, Div. of Agrostology, U. S. Dept ot Agriculture.

Plate III.

CO

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LiJ
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K
CO

Q
HI

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I
t-

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o
q:
O

CO
CO

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cc

o

LLl

I

H

o

z
o

u- H
O O

is

O Q

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cc

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21

proved it to be a most valuable grass for dr}^ regions where other
grasses could hardly exist. It is the most suitable grass yet intro-
duced for the dry regions of the West and Northwest. As it is
thoroughly permanent and grows with wonderful rapidit}^, producing
heav}^ crops of hay and luxuriant pasturage, its value to the farmers
of the semiarid regions of this country can not be overestimated. All
kinds of stock eat it with relish, and the chemical anal3'^ses made
show that it is rich in flesh-forming materials, much more so than
timothy. It is very hardy, and not injured by severe spring and fall
frosts when once established. As it starts to grow very early in the
spring, before any of the grasses upon the native prairies show any
signs of life, and remains green and succulent far into November, it
will supply the long-felt want of early and late fall pastures.

In the spring of 1898, 536 packages of the Russian seed of smooth
brome grass were distributed by this Division through the Section of
Seed and Plant Introduction. This does not include the State experi-
ment stations, many of which received large consignments directly
from the Department. The States receiving the largest amounts
of seed were Kansas, Montana, Texas, Colorado, Nebraska, North
Dakota, Washington, and Oregon, in the order named. Out of the
536 experimenters receiving the Russian seed of smooth brome grass,
284 have complied with a request from the Division for reports as to
its success or failure. From the reports received it is evident that it
is little influenced by the changes of climate. It does well in Cali-
fornia, Colorado, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, North
Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Washington,
and Wyoming. Sufiicient experiments have not been carried on in
the South to enable us to state here its value for that part of the
country. Professor Tracy, of Mississippi, speaks of it thus :

Although its growth on the test plots was all that could be desired, its growth in
the field has often been disappointing, and it is not gaining in general favor. * * *
After eight years' experience with this grass, on a great variety of soils, it appears to
be of doubtful value in the Gulf States. It has here some value for winter grazing
on dry and loose soils, but its place can be better filled by other species.

The experiment stations of California, Colorado, Iowa, Kansas,
Minnesota, Manitoba, Nebraska, and North and South Dakota have
all made extensive experiments with smooth brome and recommend it
highly both for hay and pasture, especially for dry and poor soils.

The following reports from volunteer experimenters in the differ-
ent States prove conclusively the immense value of the smooth brome
grass to the farmers of this country:

CALIFORNIA.

Messrs. Guill Brothers, Chico, Butte County:

The seed was drilled in by hand on the 4th of March, 1898, and covered 2 inches
deep. The soil is a sandy loam, and had been put into excellent condition by fall

22

plowing and harrowing with a spring-tooth harrow. The crop was cultivated three
times. The vitality of this seed is remarkable; we had no rain to wet the grotmd
for six months — from ]\Iay to November — yet there was none of the grass that died
from drought. The grass made a growth of about 8 inches during the season . During
the autumn and early winter it has continued its development and is now in excellent
condition.

A plot of this grass was sown broadcast on October 21 and harrowed in and is look-
ing very well at the present time. It has withstood some of our severest winter
weather without any ill effects. The food value has not yet been tested, but other-
v/ise it is a remarkable grass.

Mr. P. H. Murphy, Perkins, Sacramento County:

A clay loam soil was used which had been plowed and harrowed. The seed was
sown March 1, 1898, and then harrowed in. As the ground was dry, having no late
rains, it did not come up. This year (1899) the land where the brome grass was
planted in 1898 was flooded and there was a heavy crop. It grows about 3 feet high
and looks like chess or cheat which grows in wheat, only the seed is finer. It makes
a good hay for cows if cut when in full bloom, but I prefer oats or barley for hay.

COLORADO.

Mr. E. E. T. Hazen, Holyoke, Phillips County:

The seed was sown broadcast April 28, 1898, at the rate of 3 bushels per acre. The
soil is a sandy loam of medium quality and fertility and was plowed 10 inches deep
and harrowed twice before sowing and once after.

The seed was well up May 13, but when about 4 to 6 inches high Russian thistles
appeared among them and in a short time completely overshadowed them. The
brome grass then stopped growing in height and formed a perfect carpet-like mat on
the ground, retaining its fresh green color until December 1. A few stalks, however,
found their way up through the thistles and headed at the height of about 18 or 20
inches.

Mr. Melvin Thompson, Lansing, Arapahoe County:

The seed was sown broadcast on April 4, 1898, and covered by light harrowing.
The soil is light, sandy, upland loam, and was plowed, planked, and harrowed until
moist and in fine condition. The grass was kept down by "hoppers," but made a
fair stand, and at present date, November 6, is in good condition.

Mr. W. AV. Lindsay, Gulnare, Las Animas County:

The brome grass came up nicely, making a good stand, but owing to extreme
drought, the worst in this section for twenty years, I am afraid most of it is killed.
It may come up, however. I think in any ordinarj' season it would do well here, once
it became established, as it starts to grow earlier than even alfalfa, which is our main-
stay. It is said to do well in some parts of the State.

Mr. M. McFarland, Villagrove, Saguache County:

A sandy loam was used which had been in cultivation for several years. The seed
was sown broadcast in May, 1898, and irrigated immediately after sowing. Shortly
afterwards we had a heavy snowstorm. I did not get a good stand and did not har-
vest last year, as there was not enough growth. I harvested to-day (September 25,
1899) , however, with binder to save seed. The yield per acre is probably 200 pounds,
the seed being 100 per cent heavier and better than that sown. It withstands
droughts remarkably, and is the earliest grass green in the spring and latest in the
fall. It will furnish first-class pasturage after cutting for seed, and I think will be
valuable to sow in permanent pasture land.

23

INDIANA.

Mr. Henry Wehiy, North Vernon, Jennings County:

The seed was sown March 8, 1898, on ground that had been harrowed twice with
a spring-tooth harrow and once with a spike harrow after sowing. The soil is a clay
loa.n, whicli was sown to oats and Canada field peas in 1897, plowed in October, 1897,
and then left to lie over winter in the rough furrow. The grass was damaged consid-
erably by hard frost on April 6 and 7, but did not seem to suffer any from drought.
It made about the same growth as orchard grass, but stood dry weather better. The
growth was from 6 to 18 inches in height.

IOWA.

Mr. H. J. Giddings, Sabula, Jackson County:

The seed was sown broadcast April 1, 1898, part of it with oats and part without
a nurse crop. The soil is a clay loam and was in good tilth, having been plowed
and well harrowed. The grass was all up nicely on May 1. It has not produced a
crop yet, but at present it covers the ground with a growth about 3 inches high. A
very severe drought during the growing season killed nearly all of the timothy and
clover sown in the spring; but the brome grass stood it better than either of them
and is better on the oats stubble than where it was sown without a crop. All young
clover and timothy were winterkilled, but the brome grass was not injured a particle.
It conmienced to grow very early this spring, and was green before anything else.
As it produces a large amount of aftermath, it seems to me that it will be better for
pasture than for hay, especially for waste places and land not easily cultivated.

Mr. E. L. Hayden, Oakville, Louisa County:

The seed was sown on clay loam about the 1st of April, 1898. It was cut for hay
about the last of June when just out of bloom. The quality of the hay was good,
but it will not take the place of timothy in this part of the country.

Mr. I. W. Hoffman, Roselle, Carroll County:

The seed was sown broadcast in May, 1898, on a sandy loam. This grass seems
very promising for this part of the country. It possesses several good points, such as
resisting drought and not winterkilling. It forms a thick, luxuriant growth and is
very well liked by all kinds of stock. It is a strong grower, very dense and stocky,
and seems to be valuable here for both hay and pasture.

Mr. S. H. Talley, Packwood, Jefferson County:

The seed was sown broadcast by hand April 11, 1898. The soil was a light clay
loam which had been rolled and thoroughly disked. After sowing it was redisked
and harrowed smooth. The brome grass was sown with clover and grew well, form-
ing a good sod, and now, November 22, the brome has the field. The weeds were
mowed off about July 20. I think it will prove good for pasture, and will stand
much trampling.

Mr. J. H. Talley, Packwood, Jefferson County:

The quality of brome grass is good, but not quite equal to red clover. It makes an
excellent growth, remaining green all winter where protected. It is a very gross
feeder, making a very stiff sod, and a splendid grass for permanent pasture. I highly
recommend it where it is too dry for timothy.

24

KANSAS.

Mr. A. T. Bentley, Wallace, Wallace ('ounty:

The seed was sown March 9, 1898, on a clay soil which had been plowed deep and
thoroughly rolled. It made a good growth in spite of the grasshoppers, but not
sufficient to harvest.

Mr. Clark Bell, Burlington, Coflfey County:

The seed was sown broadcast April 25, 1898, on a limestone prairie. The land was
plowed in September, 1897, harrowed, then dragged with a plank drag, and harrowed
again after sowing. The seed came up in a few days, looked thrifty, and made a
good stand; but, owing to the very wet spring and summer, the crab grass came so
fast that it was necessary to mow the field, which retarded the growth of the brome
grass. However, at this writing the brome grass looks well, and I am quite well
satisfied with it. It starts very early in the spring and continues green until late in
the fall. At this date— October 24, 1899— it is the only grass in the pasture that is
green, and the stock eats it well.

Mr. Benj. Brown, Natoma, Osborne County:
. The seed was sown t)roadcast April 10, 1898, on well-prepared, rich, prairie-bottom
soil. I secured a fine, strong stand, but the most of it was killed by drought in the
latter part of 1898. Most of that on the low land lived and made a strong growth in
1899. I think it may be a valuable grass, but not on the dry uplands. It seems to
be better adapted here for pasture than hay. The leaves are large, dark green, and
succulent. Stock is fond of it.

Mr. W. C. Hollewell, Barnes, Washington County :

A black loamy soil, plowed early, as soon as frost was well out of the groimd, and
harrowed thoroughly. The seed w^as sown broadcast on March 20, 1898, and covered
by harrowing. The grass grew to be about 2 feet high, with an undergrowth of from
8 to 12 inches. It remains green until hard freezing. I think it is a grand success
for this country.

Mr. George James, Concordia, Cloud County :

The seed was sown April 22, 1898, part with press drill and the remainder broad-
cast. All came up at the same time. The soil is black prairie, in a small fiat hollow,
but not low or wet. The dry weather set in about July 1 and lasted until September
9, when we had a rain that wet the ground 2 inches deep. The grass had seemed to
be dried out, but it came up and is now 6 inches high, although the stand is not as
good as when first started in spring. I cut one-fourth of an acre of it with a harvester
and got 3 bushels of seed which is better than that received from you. I believe
that it will make a good pasture. It gets ripe and dies down in July, but springs up
again in September. If there is any moisture it will grow as quickly as clover. I
intend sowing 3 acres for j^asture on low ground next year, and I believe it will be
all right where the ground will grow a good crop of clover.

Mr. S. P. Langley, Morland, Graham County :

The seed was sown broadcast about May 10, 1898, and lightly harrowed. The soil
is a very moist, sandy loam, and had been plowed with a common stirring plow.
The weeds were mown from among the grass about June 15. The grass grew very
slowly, but formed a very compact sod. Frost had little effect on it, and it afforded
good pasture.

Mr. M. Olson, Mullinville, Kiowa County:

The soil was a black sandy loam, which had been plowed and harrowed. The
seed was drilled in about the middle of May with a press drill. It came up very

25

well, but as it was wet in the spring the weeds got ahead of it. After this we had a
dry spell which dried it out so that there was nothing left to harvest.

Mr. T. E. Pearce, Edgerton, Johnson County:

The land used was high prairie soil on the bluff of a creek, part of which is under-
laid closely with rock. The soil was deeply plowed, disked, and harrowed down
fine. The seed was sown broadcast on April 19, 1898, and then harrowed in lightly,
the ground being in a very moist condition. I thought it had died out in the fall,
and so reported to you, because wild grass had completely covered it up. In the
spring of 1899, however, it awoke like a sleeping giant and covered the ground with
dense foliage, 1 foot high. It did not produce much seed, but proved to be an
excellent pasture grass. The grass does not get tough, like most grasses do, and is
very tender to eat. The green growth starts very early in the spring, and I think,
from what I have seen of it so far, that it will be a fine pasture and hay grass.

Mr. George Strickland, Russell Springs, Logan County:

The seed was sown broadcast on April 1, 1898, on one acre of land. It came up
nicely, but not quite as thick as I would have liked. This spring it has started, and
looks very well, although the grasshoppers were very destructive to it in the fall.

MARYLAND.

Mr. John C. Bartlett, Easton, Talbot Countj^:

The seed was sown by hand in April, 1898, on a clay loam that had been prepared
by being plowed, harrowed, and rolled. The seed, after being sown, was rolled in.
The ground had been manured in the fall with stalile manure. The grass came up
well and now looks about like lawn grass.

Mr. John C. Talbot, Easton, Talbot County:

The seed was sown broadcast in April, on good, well-prepared clay loam, in an
apple orchard which is used as hog pasture. It looks now about like orchard grass,
but does not stool or go to seed. It went through last winter all right.

MICHIGAN.

Mr. H. W. Crawford, Sitka, Newaygo County:

A clay loam prepared as for potatoes, and sown with the brome seed about June
10, 1898. Solid stools of roots were produced from 4 to 6 inches across. It has win-
tered all right, and I shall watch its growth with interest. I think that it will
make a good pasture grass, and is worthy of a thorough test.

MINNESOTA.

Mr. S. M. Warmau, Sandstone, Pine County:

The seed was drilled in May 16, 1898, in sandy upland soil. The grass ripened in
September, after surpassing all imagination. The quality of the product was perfect.
It is splendid grass for us, the hay being worth about |7 per ton.

MONTANA.

Mr. E. Beach, Augusta, Lewis and Clarke County:

A dry, gravelly, bench land was used. The seed was sown broadcast on May 5,
1898. The grass was cut for hay about July 20. The quality of the product was
good, yielding about 1 ton per acre ; and if it continues as at present, it will be a very
good grass for dry climates, both for pasture and for hay. It seems to contain more
nutriment for stock than alfalfa or esparcette, and they eat it more readily.

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Mr. William Flannery, Bozeman, Gallatin County :

A sandy loam, excellent for almost any kind of crop, which* had been well culti-
vated by plow, disk, and barrow, was used. The seed was sown June 17, 1899, partly
in drills and partly broadcast, then harrowed and rolled. The crop was irrigated
twice. The grass came, up, and is now in a thriving condition. As it was planted
late and is a perennial, I shall not be able to form an opinion of its value until it has
wintered and grown another year.

William W. Gamble & Son, Choteau, Teton County :

A gravelly, bench-land loam, which had been irrigated, well plowed, and harrowed,
was used. The seed was sown May 19, 1898. The quality of the product is good.
The grass starts early in spring and grows rapidly and continuously through all sorts
of weather — warm or cold, wet or dry — without apparently being much affected by
climatic conditions until maturity. With us it did not make much of a fall growth.
Its probable value is considerable, although just how much we have not seen enough
of the plant to determine to our satisfaction.

Mr. Paris Gibson, Great Falls, Cascade County:

The seed should be sown in April on well-pulverized soil, and much care should
be used in brushing or harrowing it in. Ordinary preparation of soil is required.
While it will thrive better on rich soil, it makes a remarkable growth on sterile
lands. My field has produced large crops for three years with no cultivation. To
make good, tender hay in Montana it should be harvested in June, or as soon as it
heads. It is in full bloom by the middle of June. If ground is properly seeded it
will yield from 2 to 2J tons per acre. I believe it will be a most valuable hay crop
for Montana, as it is a persistent grower, comes up very early in the spring, and does
not kill out easily. I think two crops can be gathered in most seasons.

Mr. W. H. Heidman, Kalispell, Flat Head County:

The grass was sown broadcast April 23, 1897, 1 pound of seed to one-fourth of an
acre. The soil, a sandy loam, had been sown in oats the previous year and was
harrowed before sowing, and harrowed lightly and rolled after sowing. About the
10th of July the crop was cut, as the weeds were vei-y bad. The grass made a good
growth and was in bloom June 28, 1898, ripening August 1. If cut for hay, it would
make about 1 ton to the acre. This grass is eaten greedily by the horses; cattle and
hogs like it. The seed germinates as quickly as oats. It came out green this spring
and commenced to grow while it was yet quite cold, making good pasturage long
before any other grass started. We have had no rain since the middle of June, but
it keeps green, and looks fresh and healthy.

Mr. Len. Lewis, Lewis, Meagher County:

A limestone soil on dry, bench land was used. The crop was well irrigated. I
secured a heavy yield. The grass grew rapidly and produced a very luxuriant
growth. I think it will be a very valuable grass. I sowed 7 acres more this year
and expect to put in about 50 acres next year.

Mr. T. P. McDonald, Red Lodge, Carbon County:

The seed was sown on June 14, 1898, on plowed sod that had been disked 4 times.
After sowing the ground was harrowed both ways. The upper end of the piece was
irrigated once. I find it to be a strong grower and believe it to be a fine pasture
grass. I think it is adapted to a dry climate. It was green until winter. It proved
t<.i be the liest pasture grass we have found for dry lands and did better where it was
not irrigated at an elevation of 5,800 feet.

27

Mr. Emory Vine, Miles City, Custer County:

The seed should be sown about March 26; then harrowed and irrigated after
sowing. The soil, a gumbo clay loam, was plowed and harrowed in the usual way
before seeding. When used for hay it should be harvested about 20th to 25th of
June and for seed about 1st of August. It blooms about the 20th to 25th of June
and ripens about August 1. The quality of product is good, and stock eat it readily.
There is much to be learned about this grass. It will surely make a crop with less
moisture than any other grass.

Mr. C. H. Williams, Deer Lodge, Deer Lodge County:

A sandy soil of granite formation was plowed 4 inches deep. The seed was sown
broadcast on May 15, 1898, and covered lightly with a harrow and irrigated once.
It is good for pasture and succeeds well on dry soil. It will probably be useful to
reclaim ranges, but the yield is too light to be profitable for hay.

Mr. C. C. Willis, Plains, Missoula County:

The seed was sown May 4, 1898, on land plowed April 15, and harrowed fine.
After sowing the land was thoroughly harrowed and rolled. The soil, which was a
sandy loam underlaid with clay, had formerly been planted with bunch grass. Seeds
formed in the heads about August 1 and ripened August 15. The yield is about IJ
tons per acre. The grass will do well on our bench lands if properly jjut in. It
seems to stand dry weather well and grew from 18 inches to 2 feet high.

NEBRASB^A.

Mr. H. S. Chapman, Pawnee City, Pawnee County:

A rich black loam was plowed and pulverized and sown with a drill on May 20,
1898. A thick mat of grass blades appear very early in the spring. It is a good
pasture grass, but worthless for hay, as it is a low blady grass. It throws out a
slender seed stalk about 14 inches high and produces an abundance of seed.

Mr. W. S. Delano, Lee Park, Custer County:

The seed was sown broadcast on May 14, 1898, and covered by light harrowing.
One-third of the seed was sown with barley. The ground had been plowed in spring
and cultivated with a harrow. The field was clipped with a mower except where sown
with barley. The grass planted in barley was almost a total failure. It made a very
good stand where sown alone, but the growth was light on account of drought. The
brome-grass was pastured in spring of 1899, and then later a crop of hay was mowed
July 10. After this cutting it top dried and died down. In October it started again
from the crown, and at this date (October 31) it is 3 inches high. It is an excellent
pasture grass, starting earlier in the spring than alfalfa, and thickens into a solid turf.
All stock like it, and it promises to be an excellent grass for this section.

Mr. C. H. Searle, Edgar, Clay County:

The seed waa sown broadcast about the end of April, 1898, on well-prepared black,
loamy soil. The weather was very dry in July and August, and I was afraid that
the grass was dead. However, it came out all right this spring very early, but did
not make a heavy growth.

Mr, A. Shirley, Weeping Water, Cass County:

The grass was sown broadcast May 1, 1898, on black loam bottom land that had
been plowed and harrowed till smooth. The tops of the weeds were clipped May 20.
When harvested September 20 the grass was 18 inches high. About 1^ tons of hay
per acre are produced of extra good quality. I consider it one of the best grasses for
hay and pasture ever introduced into this neighborhood. It stands drought well.

28

Mr. J. W. Williams, Weeping Water, Cass County:

The seed was sown broadcast April 5, 1898, shortly after a rain and well harrowed
in. The soil, a black loam, part well drained and part very low and wet, had been
plowed 6 to 8 inches deep and well harrowed before sowing. On June 20 the weeds
were taken off with mower. The grass made a very good growth and will be, I
think, a good pasture grass.

NEW MEXICO.

Mr. James B. Horn, Cliff, Grant County:

The seed was sown broadcast on a gravelly soil June 1, 1899, and harrowed in. It
does very well in low places and makes good pasturage or hay.

Mr. James K. Metcalfe, Silver City, Grant County:

The seed was sown broadcast on a high gravelly ridge early in May, 1898, and
irrigated. It grew this and last summer, but only an occasional seed stalk was sent
up. It looks as if it would be a very good pasture grass, but very thin, a few bunches
seeding here and there at a time.

NORTH CAROLINA.

Mr. P. S. Early, Mocksville, Davie County:

A black loamy soil was used. The seed was sown May 10, 1899, and harrowed in.
Just as the seed began to come up a hard frost came. I was very highly pleased with
the start the grass made, and I believe had no frost come the result would have been
fine. The land was moist and very rich.

Mr. J. S. Holmes, Bowmans Bluff, Henderson County:

A fairly good upland clay loam was used, which had been plowed with a one-horse
plow and harrowed twice with a Thomas smoothing harrow. I sowed one acre at
the rate of 31 pounds per acre on May 12, 1899, and covered once with a smoothing
harrow. There was a fairly good stand, though hardly as good as some orchard
grass higher up on tlie hill. The ground was badly washed by a heavy storm, but
it looks now as if it would stand the winter all right.

NORTH DAKOTA.

Mr. Wm. Brittin, Sterling, Burleigh County:

A sandy soil was plowed and harrowed twice. The ground was well pulverized,
but it was too dry for seed to germinate readily. The .seed was sown broadcast May
12, 1899, at the rate of 2 bushels per acre. The grass made a good growth, but did
not send up any seed stems. It rained May 17 and 21. The seed came up May 24,
and held its own through a very dry season, and is still green November 1. I think
it will succeed in this part of the country.

Mr. F. A. Eaton, Medora, Billings County:

A sandy soil was plowed and harrowed well and the seed sown broadcast on ]May
20, 1898. We think this will be a good grass for us, and next year will put in a large
field of it.

Mr. N. S. French, Grand Rapids, La Moure County:
An upland prairie, that has been under cultivationaboutnineyears, was plowed about
May 4, 1898, and harrowed into good condition. The seed was sown with barley at
the rate of about 70 pounds of barley and about 9 pounds grass seed per acre. I cut

29

the barley about August 3, 1898. The brome seed was cut with a header about July
10, 1899. It is first class in all respects. Its growth and feeding qualities are such as
will make it of incalculable value to this locality and climate. I have raised and cut
forage crops for nearly forty years in 4 or 5 States, and I have never seen anything
that seems to promise as much for any locality as this does for the Northwest. It is
excellent for pasturage, so far as I can judge at this time.

Mr. W. Hanson, Englevale, Ransom County :

The seed was sown broadcast May 20, 1898, on clay loam that was plowed last fall.
One-half was harrowed last fall and all was well harrowed this spring, making a very
fine seed bed. The weeds were kept mowed down on three-fourths of the plot; the
rest was sown with oats. I have a fine catch that bids fair to make a good growth
next year. It is very green this fall, while all other grasses are dead and dry.

Mr. J. W. Higgs, Silver Leaf, Dickej' County :

The seed was sown about April 18, 1898, on an upland field that had been in pota-
toes the season before and was in fine shape for grass. It made a good stand, but
dry weather in July killed a good portion of it. This season, 1899, it was very thin,
so I let it go to seed, then mowed it and left it on the ground. I think it will be
thick enough next j'ear. AVe have much trouble in this section to get a good stand.
This is a fine grass, and I think it would yield enormously if one could secure a good
stand. It grows about 3 feet high and is about the same as the brome grasses we
have been growing here, which I think is our main grass. I want to put in 200 acres
as soon as I can.

Mr. Chas. Kunth, Hebron, Morton County :

I gave out the seed in 1898 to about a dozen farmers, who planted it in different
soils, and in every case it has been a success. Farmers have bought seed and planted
many acres to it. Brome grass is considered the future forage plant in this section.

Col. W. W. Mcllvain, Lisbon, Ransom County:

The soil was plowed 7 inches deep and subpacked. The seed was sown April
15, 1899, with wheat, or rather, on same ground after the wheat had been sown.
The wheat was harvested the last of July, and there was a good undergrowth of
grass 4 to 6 inches high. I have grown this grass on the grounds of the Soldiers'
Home for three years very successfully, cutting two crops, one on June 1 and another
September 1.

Mr. H. S. Nichols, Oakes, Dickey County:

A black sandy loam was plowed deep and manured. The seed was sown broad-
cast about April 15, 1898, without a nurse crop. The growth was thrifty and I
should estimate the yield at 2 tons per acre had it been cut for hay. I am well
pleased with it and believe that it is a very valuable grass. It seems to be a decided
success in this locality, as it makes a good firm sod and starts earlier in the spring by
two weeks than any other vegetation.

Mr, J. B. Power, Power, Richland County:

The seed was sown by hand about May 10, 1898, on poor sandy soil, which had
been in wheat the year before. Nothing whatever shows now (October 19) , but as
this is said to be the normal condition of brome grass the first year, it will undoubt-
edly show up well next spring. We had similar results four years ago, but plowed
up the land in the fall after seeing no growth, but have since had good growth along
the edge of the same field. I believe it to be an excellent grass.

Mr. B. S. Russell, Jamestown, Stutsman County:

A black sandy loam was used, which had been prepared for cereals. Part of the
seed was sown with oats as a nurse crop from April 15 to August 1^ 1898. Where

30

sown with a nurse crop it did not grow until the nurse crop was harvested, then it
grew well. It yields about 2 to 2^ tons per acre. In quality it is very good where
pastured, cattle going long distances to find it. It is well established as the grass for
North Dakota. It takes kindly to the soil and is the earliest grass in the spring,
even earlier than the bunch or buffalo grass, and is green in the autumn when the
wild prairie grass is brown. It has been sown by many farmers this year in small
parcels from 5 to 40 pounds, and will be increased by all next year.

OHIO.

Mr. J. E. Wing, Mechanicsburg, Champaign County:
A white-oak clay soil was slightly manured, plowed, and well prepared. The seed
was sown with alfalfa May 20, 1898. It looks very thrifty and promising, with a
dense leafy undergrowth. I expect it to be of great value to use with alfalfa.

OREGON.

Capt. Joseph Dawson, Bay City, Tillamook County:

A black sandy loam was well manured, plowed 6 inches deep, and rough harrowed
once. The seed was sown May 4, 1898, by first sowing oats, harrowing once and
then sowing the brome grass broadcast on the same ground. The land was then cross-
harrowed and the ground smoothed with a clod-masher, and let alone to grow till
harvest time. On August 20, 1898, I secured a heavy crop of grass. It matured as
much as the seedsmen claim it will do the first year. I kept the live stock off of it
for fear they would tear or tramp it out during the rainy season. When our heavy
fogs came inland it died down to the ground. In February, 1899, we had frost 10°
above zero. When harvest time came 1 could not see a single head of it. Since the
fall rain has come it has sprouted again. The longest stem I could find was 10 inches
high. The present status agrees with all I have read about, namely, not much growth
the first year, but will mature the second year.

Mr, W. A. Wintermeier, Silvies, Harney County:

A decayed lava and clay soil was used. The ground was plowed 10 inches deep,
leveled off and harrowed, and the seed sown the 1st of May. After sowing, the ground
was harrowed again and rolled. The grass grew from 3 to 12 inches high, forming a
good thick stand. It does not grow very tall, but forms a heavy sod. We have bad
some very cold weather, but the grass is still green.

SOUTH DAKOTA.

Mr. H. C. Bockoven, Clark, Clark County:

The seed was sown broadcast on April 10, 1898, and harrowed in. The soil was a
black loam in good condition and was plowed and harrowed. The grass bloomed
June 2.5, was ripe July 15, and was harvested on the latter date. The quality of
the product was good, and it seems to be a valuable grass for a dry climate. It
grows well and stands the dry weather better than most other grasses. It has
a large amount of leaf growth at the bottom, making it valuable for pasture as well
as hay.

Mr. W. H. H. Phillips, Brookings, Brookings County:

A black loamy soil was plowed in the fall of 1897, well harrowed, and the brome
seed sown by hand about April 17, 1898. It was cut the last week in July with the
binder for seed. There would have been probably from 1 J to 2 tons of -fine hay.
It covered the ground well in August, 1898, and was green until December. It is a
very promising grass. I shall distribute some seed to a few good farmers and sow
the rest on my land in 1900.

31

Mr. D. Roberts^ Faulkton, Faulk County:

The seed was sown broadcast April 1, 1895, and April 10, 1898, with one-half
bushel of spring rye, and lightly harrowed in and rolled. The land was dark prairie
soil that had been cultivated ten years. It was manured lightly three years ago
with barnyard manure. The ground was well prepared and the seed sown early in
the spring. The grass bloomed July 15 and ripened from August 1 to 10. It was
cut for seed about August 1 to 10, then followed with a mower for hay. It was
well seeded and matured. The grass is a very strong grower, with thick, leafy
bottom from 12 to 16 inches high, and seed stalks running up 12 to 14 inches higher
are well loaded with seed. Stock is fond of it, and it has every appearance of making
hay equal to or better than timothy.

Mr. A. B. Smedley, Millbank, Grant County:

The seed was sown in spring of 1898 with wheat as early as the ground could be
worked. I harvested July 15, when fairly headed, and cut for hay before ripening.
It produced 2 tons of hay per acre of excellent quality. As hay is never sold from
my farm I can not say of what value it is, but for feeding it is fully equal to timothy
or clover.

Mr. E. T. Stevens, Woonsocket, Sanborn County:

I sowed some of the seed with spring wheat and oats after the grain was in and
did not harrow it ; it did not grow. The rest was sown alone on ground that had
been well prepared and cultivated ; it was fine. I saved the seed, and will sow again
next spring. This spring, April, 1899, 1 sowed one-half acre of old ground and dragged
it thoroughly; the grass came up nicely. This spring it was two weeks ahead of
any other grass to start into growth. I saved the seed on the 1st of August. The
plants were about 30 inches high, with a very thick undergrowth ; the product is
excellent. One of my neighbors east of me has 10 acres that is immense; it is on
shady ground, while mine is on high land. I think it is just the kind of grass that
we want for this country.

Hon. H. C. Warner, Forestburg, Sanborn County :

Five different methods were adopted in planting the seed:

Experiment 1. A field of river-bottom land was used. The seed was sown on the
unbroken sod, then the land was thoroughly harrowed. This gave 30 per cent of a
stand.

Experiment 2. A dry upland pasture was used and the land was pulverized and
harrowed before sowing. This gave 5 per cent of a stand.

Experiment 3. A dry upland pasture that had been pastured for sixteen years was
used. The land was pulverizea both ways and the seed sown and harrowed in. It
came up well, but the young plants were exterminated by a drought of four months.

Experiment 4. The land, which had been cultivated for some time, was plowed and
well prepared; the brome seed was sown with oats as a nurse crop. This gave 95
per cent of a stand.

Experiment 5. The land was plowed and well prepared as in the preceding
instance; the brome seed was sown with wheat as a nurse crop. This gave a perfect
stand, and is this season a perfect meadow.

The brome grass will stand cold and drought without killing after the first year.
Wheat is better than oats for a nurse crop. On sod a better stand can be secured by
sowing the seed first and then pulverizing it in. It is a perfect hay or pasture grass
for the Northwest.

TENNESSEE.

Mr. H. G. Dail, Dutch Valley, Anderson County:

A light soil with clay subsoil was used that would produce 20 bushels of corn per
acre. The land was plewed and disked, then dragged and worked fine. The seed

32

was sown broadcast about May 15, 1898, and brushed in. I did not harvest any
except to give some to the stock. They ate it with reUsh. It is rather coarse in
quality. I think this grass will be good for pasture, as it seems to stool like orchard
grass or oat grass. It is thin on the ground and has not yet made turf. I think, from
what I know of it, it will be best for pasture, as it bunches on the ground and is now
(October 18, 1899) 7 or 8 inches high.

,Mi-. Paul F. Kefauver, Madison ville, Monroe County:
A heavy, clay, fertile loam was used. On February 19, 1898, 35 pounds of seed
were mixed with 150 pounds of complete fertilizer and drilled in with common wheat
drills. The season was good and the grass made a good stand, although not so good
as either the redtop and timothy or the orchard grass plats adjoining, which were
sown April 12 and March 1, respectively.

TEXAS.

Mr. G. A. Graham, Graham, Young County:

A black, sandy soil with a red clay marly subsoil was used, which had been thor-
oughly plowed and harrowed. The seed was sown Septeml)er 25, 1899, after a slight
shower and raked in by hand. A heavy rain fell October 26, when the seed com-
menced coming up. It is now 3 or 4 inches high. We have had two frosts, and it
has received no injury. I am pleased with its appearance and growth.

UTAH.

Mr. James Lofthouse, Paradise, Cache County:

The seed was sown broadcast April 25, 1898, and harrowed in on a dry, rather
poor, loamy upland or bench land that had been plowed the previous fall and disked
in the spring. The grass was not harvested, as it did not grow high enough. I think
it will be very valuable, as it looks nice and green now (November 21) .

Mr. Samuel Roskelley, Logan, Cache County:

The seed was sown broadcast by hand April 30, 1898, and harrowed in with a
light harrow. The soil was strong sage-brush upland that had been well plowed
last fall and replowed in the spring, and thoroughly harrowed. The seed came up
nicely without further cultivation. The grass bloomed July 27. It headed out
nicely, but did not fully mature on account of drought. I regard it as an excellent
drought-resisting forage plant.

WASHINGTON.

Mr. Frank Bacon, Rockford, Spokane County:

The seed was sown on white-clay hilly land that was too poor for spring wheat. It
was sown April 12, 1898. The ground was plowed twice and harrowed down fine
the summer of 1897, and by rebreaking was in fine condition for sowing. After pass-
ing through severe droughts, such as are common here, the grass made a good stand
and remarkable growth, and I, as well as my neighbors and all who have seen it,
regard it as valuable for this dry, arid country. It is now (October 20, 1899) a beau-
tiful sight. It keeps green and its value for nice pasturage can not be overestimated.
The brome grass will not be used for hay, but through the long, dusty, frightful
droughts it will be of great value for pasture.

Mr. F. A. English, Farmington, Whitman County:
The seed was sown broadcast by hand April 12, 1898, and dragged over with flat-
tened heel harrow. The soil had been plowed and harrowed thoroughly in the early

33

spring, about a week before planting. The grass was cut in August to increase root
development. The growth is tine and will make a record during the coming year.
This plat was sown in the poorest land on the farm — high, dry hill land, gravelly and
unlit for any other crop. The season was the driest and hottest during twenty years,
there being no rainfall during July, August, and half of September. The grass
should be planted extensively. I have a number one stand for next year, and I am
satisfied that it will make a tine crop of hay and also good late pasture. I can rec-
onmiend Bromus inermis as a truly wonderful plant for dry climates, producing fine
hay and pasturage.

Mr. W. E. Lawrence, Toppenish, Yakima County:

New bottom land was plowed 8 inches deep, then the seed was sown, harrowed
in, and rolled hard. At this date (October 2) it is getting thicker and furnishes more
pasture than any other grass grown here..

Prof. W. J. Spillman, State Experiment station, Pullman, Whit-
man County:

The seed was sown on clay loam upland, 2,500 feet altitude, in good tilth. Three
years' experience indicates that this is the best grass for meadow and pasture for the
uplands of eastern Washington. I pastured 1.9 head of cows per day from May 13
to September 1, 1897, on one acre of this grass. Horses especially relish hay made
from it.

Mr. Nelson Williams, Chewelah, Stevens County:

The seed was sown broadcast May 2, 1898, on a sandy loam and harrowed in.
The land was comparatively new, at one time covered with timber, and was plowed
and harrowed before seeding. The grass was not cut, as it did not grow tall enough.
The growth was very slow, but there appears to be a good stand.

WISCONSIN.

Mr. J. F. Jensen, Waupaca, Waupaca County:

The seed was sown broadcast on April 25, 1898, with a hand seeder and covered
with a light harrow. It was sown with oats as a nurse crop. The soil is clay loam,
and was fall plowed and well cultivated in spring before sowing. The grass made a
fair growth in the oats, although the season was a dry one. In 1899 the yield per
acre was about IJ tons of hay of good quality, even better than timothy. I think
this grass very valuable, especially for pasture, as it will make quite a growth very
early in the spring, before even timothy starts. It also grows very late in the fall
and forms a very thick sod.

WYOMING.

Mr. John Baugh, Carlile, Crook County:

The seed was sown early in 1898. The whole season was so dry that it did little
more than come through the ground, and what few plants came up were too enfeebled
to do much. I have a small piece of the same grass in a favored place that gets well
wet in the spring. It yields a heavy crop each year.

Mr. G. A. Bell, Hyattville, Bighorn County:

The soil is a dark, sandy, river-bottom loam which had been in cultivation for
three years. One year ago it was manured heavily. The land had been plowed 8
inches deep. The seed was sown broadcast on April 10, 1898. The grass stands
15799— No. 22 3

34

frost well, but requires a little more irrigating than timothy. I think it will make a
better fall pasture than timothy. It was cut for seed August 1-5, 1898. I consider
this a valuable grass, as it will stand any amount of dry weather and not die out, and
will start growing as soon as irrigated. It grows tall, does not lodge easily, and
makes very good early pasture in the spring.

Mr. Kirk Dyer, Little Medicine, Albany County:

The seed was sown April 20, 1898, after spring wheat and harrowed in. The soil
is clayey loam that has been in cultivation several years. It was highly fertilized
with barnyard manure and in excellent condition. The wheat was cut September 1,
and there was a nice, thick stand of Bromus inermis probably 6 to 10 inches high.
The experiment is encouraging and the progress of the crop fully equal to timothy
the first year.

Mr. W. R. Williams, Tensleep, Bighorn County:

The seed was sown May 20, 1898, on ground plowed 5 inches deep, leveled nicely,
and the seed covered with a harrow. The soil is red gypsum with a deep su})soil
and was in good condition. Tlie grass was irrigated three times. I got a good stand,
but can not tell much about the value of the grass the first year.

RESCTJE GRASS (Bromus unioloides.)

An erect, strong-growing annual or perennial grass, 1 to 3 feet high,
with numerous long, tender, broad leaves, usualh^ spreading panicles
and large, much flattened, drooping spikelets. It is known also as
Schrader's brome, Australian oats, Australian brome, and Arctic grass,
and is a native of South America and the southwestern portion of the
United States. As a rule rescue grass dies the first year after seeding,
but if it is grazed closely and not allowed to go to seed it may be used
as pasture for two or three years. During the dry summer weather
the tips of the leaves turn yellow, but this does not injure the mass of
foliage, which remains green and produces fine forage. There are now
several forms of this species which vary according to the height of
the plant, breadth of the leaves, and the abundance of seed produced
on the panicle. In the grass garden of the United States Department
of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, rescue grass produces excellent
pasturage throughout the summer and fall. It seems to be perennial
here, as several plats that ha\'e been growing in the garden for several
years continue to produce an abundance of dense pasturage every sea-
son. The leaves are slightly injured by frosts in early spring and fall.
A second growth of 6 inches or more comes up about August 4,
after the hay has been cut.

In California it is considered one of the best and most useful grasses
for dry lands, being the earliest and best winter-growing grass. As
it makes its chief growth during the colder months of the year, it has
come to be regarded as one of the best winter grasses for the South.
The seed may bo sown in August or September at the rate of from 30
to 40 pounds to an acre.

35

Forty-eight packages of rescue grass have been distributed since
189(), and 10 experimenters have reported, recording four faihires, one
unsatisfactory, one excellent, and four good results.

The following are some of the reports that have been received:

Messrs. W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Do^lestown, Bucks County, Pa. :

A rich, loamy soil was plowed, harrowed, and hand ranked. The seed was sown
in shallow drills on May 4, 1898. The stand was good and left until the following
season, the tops being removed, but its height not ascertained. On September 22
there was a good stand and fine growth, with quite a good lot of seed heads. At
this time (November) it seems to be identical with Bromu.'i ^chraderi, and has made
a much stronger growth than the sample of Bromus hreviaristatus sent us.

Mr. H. T. Fuchs, Tiger Mill, Burnet County, Tex.:

The land was plowed once and the seed sown at different times throughout the
year. The seed sown in the fall after the first rain, about October or November, did
the best. It grew much better on cultivated land than I ever !<aw it grow 1 )efore. In its
native state here it comes up in the fall and grows all winter, then goes to seed in
May or April, and as soon as the seed ripens and drops, the grass dies. The crop of
rescue grass was cut while the sun was very hot, and it cured in one day. As it is
never all in full bloom at one time, but flowers gradually head after head, it is diffi-
cult to set the best time for cutting. If well cured it is liked very much by horses,
cattle, and other stock. This grass is quite valuable, especially because it is hardly evel-
injured by frost, and comes up where nothing else is growing. It makes a splendid
range for hogs and other stock during the winter. Poultry are also fond of it in winter.

SHORT-AWNED BROME GRASS (Bromus breviaristatus) .

An erect, robust, native grass, "i to 4 feet high, with luimerous
large leaves and long, closely appressed branches to the panicle.
In Wyoming and Montana it occurs in the open woods among the
mountains, where it sometimes forms meadow-like tracts of consider-
able extent at an altitude of from 5,000 to 8,000 feet. It has been
introduced and grown for a number of years in central and western
Iowa, where, under favorable conditions, two crops may be cut in a
single season. In Colorado it is found to be valuable in the native
meadows at an altitude of from 6,000 to 9,500 feet. Short-awned
bronie grass produces an abundance of leaves, which are well liked b}"
stock. Although not so valuable as the smooth brome grass, yet it is
worthy of being extensively tried, especially in meadows at high alti-
tudes. Its cultivation has been carried on to some extent in the North-
west, with ver}^ promising results.

In the grass garden of the Department of Agriculture, Washington,
D. C, this grass makes a ver}" promising growth. As early as March
28 there is a nice even growth from 4 to 6 inches high. In June, when
about li feet high, it blooms, and after being cut produces a dense,
vigorous, leafy growth, 1^ feet high, which is not affected by the drv,
summer weather, and continues to afford good pasture along into
November and December without being injured b}- frosts.

36

Twenty-eight packages of the seed of short-awned brome grass were
distributed in the spring of 1899. It is, as yet, too early to receive
reports from the experimenters. Two, however, have been received,
recording very promising results.

Mr. Thomas Ashcrof t, Ashcroft, Harding County, S. Dak. :
A loamy soil was plowed and harrowed. The seed was sown with a few oats about
the end of May, 1899. The oats were cut in September, but the grass was not high
enough to add anything to the bulk of the hay, although it was nice and bunchy. I
was well pleased with it.

Prof. D. A. Saunders, Brookings, S. Dak.:

The seed was sown in drills in April, 1899. Only a few rows were planted. It
made a good growth and stood the drought perfectly.

SIDE OATS GRAMA (Bouteloua curtipendula) .

(Plate IV, fig. 1.)

A tall, stout-stemmed, tufted native grass, 1 to 3 feet high, with
tough, perennial, fibrous roots and long pointed leaves. The inflores-
cence consists of a number of short reflexed spikes which are arranged
along the upper portion of the stem. Its range extends from New
Jersey westward to the Rocky Mountains and southward, through
Texas, into Mexico. AVhere abundant, it is said to make good hay and
pasture which is readily eaten by stock. Side oats grama has not yet
been extensively introduced into cultivation. In the grass garden of
the Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, this grass made a
luxuriant growth all through the dry summer weather of 1899, pro-
ducing excellent hay. An aftermath T inches high, of fair quality for
pasturage, was produced, which was not injured until severe frosts on
November 28, when the leaves all dried up. Our special agent at
Walla Walla, Wash., reports that it has done well there, producing
an abundance of seed, and that it is quite as valuable as the blue
grama. In the hills of central and western Iowa and parts of Nebraska
it is highly valued by farmers for hay, as it cures readily, and even
when cut late in the season the leaves retain their freshness longer
than many of the other wild grasses in those regions. The growth of
this grass should l)e encouraged, as it will withstand long periods of
drought, and is so deeply rooted that it is not easily injured by graz-
ing. Since 1896, 71 packages of the seed of side oats grama have been
distributed and 19 reports have been received from the experimenters.
This large diflerence between the number of packages distributed is
due to the fact that 60 of these were sent out in 1896, when no report
blanks were sent out and no requests made for a report on the trials.
Out of the 19 reports received 3 were failures, 7 unsatisfactory, and 9
good. The following are the most favorable reports that have been
received:

Bui- 22, Div of Agrostoiogy. U S. Dept. of Agrlcukure

Plate IV.

Fig. 1.— Side Oats Grama, Grass Garden, Washington, D. G.

Fig. 2. — Blue Grama iBouteloua oligostachya' as grown in Grass Station at

Walla Walla, Wash.

From a photograph by A. B. Leekeul)y.

37

Mr. G. W. Covey, Laddonia, Audrian County, Mo. :
The seed was sown in an old orchard where the hogs had been rooting. It did
very well.

Mr. J. S. Holmes, Bowmans Bluff, Henderson County, N. C. :
The seed was sown in two different plats. Plat A was fairly good upland soil on
a steep hillside, facing the east, with a yellow clay subsoil. Plat B was poor, sandy,
bottom land close to the river. The ground was plowed and Imrrowed and the seed
sown broadcast on April 8, 1897, at the rate of 30 pounds to the acre. Plat A was
harrowed in and plat B was covered with a garden rake. Plat A looks well and is
taller than the trial plat of blue grama, but not so thick on the ground. We have
had the thermometer down to 12° already, without snow, and it has not killed it. On
plat B there is not a single plant. It came up all right, but was killed by the summer
drought. Plat A survived the winter very well and quite a lot of it bloomed in the
summer of 1898.

Mr. T. P. Kerr, Cambray, Donna Ana County, N. Mex. :

The seed was sown on alluvial soil in July. This is a native grass and did well.
In its wild state it makes fine hay when it has plenty of rain.

Prof. T. L. Lyon, Experiment Station, Lincoln, Nebr. :

An upland, loamy soil, with considerable alkali and a tendency to pack, was used.
The ground was plowed 8 inches deep and worked to a fine tilth. The seed was
sown in rows, 6 inches apart, on May 5, 1897, on a 3 by 3 foot plat, and again broad-
cast May 30 on one-tenth of an acre. The grass bloomed about the first of August,
1898, and ripened about the end of August. The yield per acre was about 3 i tons of good
feed. This is a promising grass for cultivation as it seeds abundantly and furnishes
a large quantity of good hay. It has the disadvantage of starting its growth late in
the spring and drying up in midsummer. It is not so hardy under cultivation as in
the wild state, for all of it was killed out in the winter of 1898-99.

Mr. L. Miles, Sheridan, Kingtisher County, Okla. :

Some bottom land was well plowed and harrowed. The seed was sown broadcast
on March 20 on timber land. None of this germinated, so I sowed again on April 2
on well-prepared soil. The seed ripened about August 15. I don't feel like condem-
ing it, but I think trouble would be experienced in getting it to start, as our soil
dries quickly after rain.

Mr. Samuel Roskelley, Logan, Cache County, Utah:

A virgin sage-brush upland was plowed 5 inches deep, harrowed, replowed8 inches
deep, then thoroughly harrowed. The seed was sown broadcast on April 16, 1897,
and covered with a slanting-tooth harrow. I cut the crop on August 2, 1897, when
it was just out of bloom, in order to save what I could, as the drought began to dry
it up fast. It seemed to do reasonably well for the chance it had. The yield was
about 2 tons per acre. It will no doubt make a good crop of hay of good quality. It
withstood the drought better than the other varieties.

Mr. G. D. Tillman, Clarks Mills, Lexington County, S. C. :

The land was freestone soil in which grasses and forage plants are at a great disad-
vantage, owing to the lack of lime. The side oats grama is doing well and promises to
be a good grass for this country. It spreads slowly, but surely, and stock likes it.

Mr. Henry Wehry, North Vernon, Jennings County, Ind. :

The soil was a stiff clay, underlaid with slate and fertile enough to produce any
kind of a crop. The ground was plowed and harrowed and the seed was sown in

88

drills 6 inches apart on April 24, 1897. So far as I could observe the quality of th'^
product was good. The yield was not large, but the rapid growth would perhaps fully
repay the shortage of the yield. I consider it a valuable addition to our pasture
o-rasses; a good variety to sow in a mixture for permanent pasture. We had jjlenty
of rain all season.

BLUE GRAMA (Bouteloua oligostachya) .
(Plate IV, fig. 2.)

A somewhat tufted or matted perennial, 6 inches to 3 feet high. with
strong-growing rootstocks and numerous basal leaves. The inflo-
rescence consists of usuall^y 2 one-sided spikes on slender stems. It
extends westward from Wisconsin to California and southward into
Texas and northern Mexico. This grass improves ver\^ rapidly under
cultivation. For several years it has grown luxuriantly in the experi-
mental grounds of the Department at Washington, D. C, starting to
green out about the middle of April and growing from li to 2i feet
hioh, varyino- with the seasons. It is in full ])loom about the middle
of July and produces a tine growth of excellent hay. A tine aftermath
appears soon after cutting, which affords excellent pasturage until
injured by severe frosts in November.

No other grass better withstands the trampling of stock, and on the
ranges it is considered among the very best for grazing purposes.
During the dry season it cures in the turf into perfect hay, which is
said to lose none of its nutritive value. Cattle are pastured on this
hay all winter in the eastern Rocky Mountain region, where it is
regarded as an exceedingly valuable grass.

Since 1896, 70 packages of the seed of blue grama have been dis-
tributed, but only 14 reports have been received. Of these, 5 experi-
menters failed to get any result, 3 considered it of little value, and 6
regarded it as a valuable grass for their districts.

The following are some of the reports that have been received from
different States with widely varying climatic conditions:

Mr. J. S. Holmes, Bowmans Bluff', Henderson County, N. C. :

The land used was fairly good upland on a steep hillside facing the east. The seed
was sown broadcast on April 8, 1898, and harrowed in. At this date, January 18,
1899, the grass looks quite alive and ready to make a good growth next year. It stood
the long drought of August, September, and October, and seems to promise better
than side oats grama {Bouteloua curtipendula) .

Mr. P. T. Kerr, Cambray, Donna Ana County, N. Mex. :

This is a native grass and know^n here as grama, and grows luxuriantly when it has
plenty of water. It is valued as fine grazing for both horses and cattle.

Mr. Henry W. Merrill, Hiram, Oxford County, Me. :

This grass did very well the first season, but I could not find a trace of it the
following year.

39

Mr Samuel Roskelly, Logan, Cache County, Utah :

The land used was a virgin sage brush upland, which was plowed 5 inches deep,
harrowed, replowed 8 inches deep, then thoroughly harrowed again. The seed was
sown April 16, 1897, and covered lightly with a slanting-tooth harrow. It was
in full 1>looin about July 20 and cut August 2, to save what I could, as drought began
to affect it considerably. The hay was of good quality and yielded probably about
IJ tons to the acre. The stand was rather poor, but what did come seems to have
taken root well.

Mr. Henry Wehry, North Vernon, Jennings County, Ind. :

The seed was sown on well-prepared clay loam in the spring of 1898. The hay
was of good quality, but the yield small. It does not grow quite as large as the side
oats grama {Bonteloua cuiiipenduin) , ])ut otherwise it is fully equal to it and would
be a good grass to put in a mixture for permanent pastures.

BERMUDA GRASS (Cynodon dactylon) .

A perennial grass, with a creeping habit of growth and upright
flowering stems, which terminate in a tinger-like inflorescence. It is
dispersed throughout the tropical regions and warmer countries of
the globe. Its value as a pasture grass is said to have been first
noticed in this country by the late General Bethune, of Georgia,
about 1825, who planted it in many places throughout the States.
When the soil is poor the leaves are short and the upright stems only
a few inches high, but on good land it grows to a height of 2 feet and
yields a considerable amount of excellent hay. Throughout the South
it is extensively used as a lawn grass where the grasses ordinarily
used for lawns could not survive. The leaves, however, turn brown
with the first frosts, so that it is only in the summer that this grass
produces a green and pleasing lawn. The quickest method of pro-
ducing a lawn of Bermuda grass is by cutting up a piece of the turf
into small pieces and transplanting these from 6 inches to 1 foot apart.
When once established, it is very persistent and diflicult to eradicate,
hence the advisability of keeping it out of land which is likely to be
used for other crops. Bermuda grass does not mature seed, except
in the extreme southern portion of our country, but imported seed
can be obtained from the leading seedsmen. A variety known as St.
Lucie grass is regarded as more desirable for lawns than the ordinary
form, as it is of a finer texture, grows more rapidly, and is said to
withstand quite severe frosts. As it does not root so deeply, it is less
liable to become a pest by spreading into cultivated fields.

Since 1896, 22 packages of Bermuda grass have been distributed and
10 experimenters have complied with our request for a report on
their success or failure. Out of these, 5 speak of it very highly and
regard it as a valuable forage plant, 3 consider it of but little value,
while 2 report complete failures.

40

The following reports will indicate the great value of Bermuda and
St. Lucie grass to the South:

Mr. B. Atkinson, Waverly, Camden Country, Ga. :

A well-drained, diked, river-bottom land was used. The soil was plowed and
harrowed and the seed sown in drills about 2 feet apart. This experiment proved
to be very satisfactory for the first year, but it is in the second year that there is
profit in Bermuda grass. 1 have no doubt but that next year this experimental plot
of land will yield at the rate of 4 tons to the acre.

Mr, F. A. Hendry, Thompson, Lee County, Fla. :

A package of Bermuda grass seed was received several years ago from the Depart-
ment. It was sown broadcast and harrowed in. The seed usually matures about
October, but sometimes earlier. For pasturage it is excellent, but I have never cut
any for hay. It stands at the head of the list on rich, cultivated, moist lands, and
under favorable conditions would produce at least 2 tons to the acre. It may be
mown two or three times during the year.

Mr. E. O. Mitchell, Chattanooga, Hamilton County, Tenn. :

A small amount of the St. Lucie grass was sent to me last winter from Florida by
mail. It was green when received, and in three days after it was planted we had a
severe cold spell, the mercury going down 10° below zero. It withstood this and
grew right along. A few days ago we transplanted from the parent bed a plot of
ground about 12 feet square, and there is at present enough to plant another plot of
equal size. This shows its aggressiveness. The parent stalks have thrown out run-
ners in some instances 4 feet long, taking root at every joint. I have also the com-
mon Bermuda grass, but it does not appear to be nearly so aggressive as the St.
Lucie. Furthermore, the St. Lucie remains green throughout heavy frosts. The
friends who sent the sample to us said that frost could not kill it.

GIANT LYME-GRASS (Elymus condensatus) .
(Plate V, fig. 1.)

A stout, erect, native perennial, 5 to 10 feet high, with long, flat,
rigid leaves, dense spikes, and strong spreading rootstocks. It is com-
mon in the Rocky Mountain region and on the Pacific Slope, where it
is found useful for holding the sand on railway banks. When young
it makes hay of fair quality, and when allowed to stand it aflords a
considerable amount of forage for stock on the winter ranges.

Twenty-four packages have been distributed since 1896, but only 4
reports have been received, with 2 failures, 1 unsatisfactory, and 1 with
good results.

Mr. George T. McWhorter, Riverton, Colbert County, Ala., reports
as follows:

The seed was sown broadcast on a deep, smooth bed on March 1, 1899. It died
down during the dry summer weather, but thrived after the fall rains and now looks
well.

CANADIAN LYME-GRASS (Elymus canadensis).

(Plate V, fig. 2.)

A rather stout, smooth perennial. 3 to 5 feet high, with broad, flat
leaves, 6 to 12 inches long. The inflorescence is in the form of ahead

Bui. 22, Div. of Agrostology, U. S. Dept. of Agricul*ure.

Plate V.

Fig. 1 .—Giant Lyme Grass iElymus condensatusi at Experiment Station,

Berkeley, Cal.

■lllL_Ji^

M*-<imm$-

'w

■m'j'-i''"

Fig. 2. -View in Grass Station at Walla Walla, Wash., Showing Canadian

Rye Grass (Elymus canadensis).

From a photograph by F. Lamson-Scribner.

41

resembling the cultivated rye. It is found in almost all parts of the
country in low thickets and along streams in rich, open woods. So
far this grass has received very little attention. Some recent experi-
ments, howev^er, indicate that it has considerable value for pasture and
hay. In the Northwest it is regarded as of some agricultural value for
early pasturage, and in some places yields an excellent crop of hay.
Mr. A. B. Leckenby, our special agent in charge of the grass and for-
age plant investigations on the Pacific coast, reports that it did
remarkably well, producing two crops of seed, and suggests that it
might be a useful grass to bring into cultivation. An equally good
report comes from our special agent, Mr. H. L. Bentley, at Abilene,
Tex. He found that it did well both on moist and dry land. It
seeded out well and stood the long severe drought remarkably. The
quality of the hay produced was very fine, and he considers it the best
hay grass native to that part of Texas. The following is extracted
from his report:

There are thousands of acres of mcist valley lands that are annually cultivated in
cotton and corn that could l)e put down to Canadian lynie-grass to much better
advantage. I am.satisfied that average valley lands in this section fairly well seeded
with this grass will yield two good crops of hay every year, and that even a third crop
is possible. After a second cutting here this year, in spite of the worst and longest
drought ever known in this part of Texas, the third crop is now 12 to 16 inches tall
and would afford excellent pasturage.

On the experimental grounds of the Department at Washington,
D. C, this grass has also done very well, producing a fine growth 2^
to 3 feet high. It was in full bloom about July 1, and cut for seed
when fully ripe about August 15. By September 7 a vigorous after-
math 1 foot high had grown, which would have afi'orded excellent
pasturage. The tufts are still (November 27) growing vigorously,
although the tips of some of the leaves are yellowed by the heavy
frosts. Twenty-two trial packages of the seed of Canadian lyme-grass
have been distributed by this Division since 1896, but only 6 reports
have been received. Of these 2 were failures, 2 unsatisfactory, and 2
good.

Mr. George T. McWhorter, Riverton, Colbert County, Ala., reports

as follows:

The seed was sown on a well-prepared bed on March 1, 1899, and kept free from
weeds. It came up, but died down during the summer, reviving again with the fall
rains. We had a very long protracted drought this year, so that it is no criterion.
It promises better than anything sown except buffalo grass.

MEADOW FESCUE : ENGLISH BliUE-GIlASS (Festuca pratensis) .

Meadow fescue is an erect, robust perennial, from 2 to 4 feet high,
with numerous linear, glossy -green leaves and a branched panicle which
is inclined to one side. It succeeds best on rather moist clay soils, such
as are commonly found along creek bottoms, but will grow on almost all

42

soils. As it is one of the earliest grasses in the spring, and one of the
latest in the fall, it makes an excellent grass for fall and winter pas-
turage. This is one of the most common of the fescue grasses, and,
althouiih introduced into this country from Great Britain over a hun-
dred years ago, it does not yet receive the attention which it deserves.
It is sometimes known as Randall grass, evergreen grass, and English
blue grass, the last an unfortunate name, as it in no way resembles the
Poas^ or true blue grasses. Many of our experimenters took this to
be the Kentucky blue grass, and in consequence did not even attempt
to sow the seed. The forage is much relished by cattle, either green
or when cured for hay. When grown for hay it should always be
mixed with other grasses. Redtop and alsike clover will grow well
on the same kinds of soil, and the three make an excellent mixture for
either temporary or permanent pastures.

A large quantity of the seed of meadow fescue was secured for the
Department, through Prof. N. E. Hansen, during his visit to Russia, in
1898. This Division, through the Section of Seed and Plant Introduc-
tion, has distributed 424 packages, of li pounds each, sufficient to sow
one-twentieth of an acre, to all parts of the United States. One hun-
dred and one reports have been received from the experimenters,
giving in detail the results obtained and their estimates of its value.
Very favorable reports have been received from Georgia, Indiana, Iowa,
Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana. Nebraska, North Dakota,
Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming.

The following are some of these testimonials which have been received
from the different States :

GEORGIA.

Mr. E. J. Hartman, Orr, Gilmer County :

The English bkie grass has done splendidly so far. It seems to be an excellent
grass for sheep, and if mixed with other grasses does also for cattle.

Mr. B. Lumsden, Macon, Bibb County :

The seed was received too late to sow. I planted some this spring near my fish
pond in the shade and it is now looking quite well.

INDIANA.

Mr. Henry Wehry, North Vernon, Jennings County :

It seems to be well adapted to moist soils, as it grew to be 4 feet high and also made
a good growth after it was cut for hay. It would be a splendid pasture grass.

IOWA.

Mr. C. Steinman, Mapleton, Monona County :

The seed was sown with oats about the last of April and did well.

Mr. S. H. Talley, Packwood, Jefferson County :

The quality of the product is very good. I think it an excellent grass for pasture.
It grew three feet high tlie i)resent year and is very hardy as to drought.

43

KANSAS.

Mr. Clark Belles, Burlington, Coffey County :

The seed was sown broadcast and the land afterwards harrowed twice with a
smoothing harrow. The growth of this grass is about the same as the common meadow
fescue that is grown to quite an extent in this country. It is quite valuable for seed,
but not thought much of for pasture or hay.

Mr. A. Y. Bentley, Wallace, Wallace County:

The seed was sown by hand on a good clay loam on April 4, 1898, and covered
with a garden rake. It was kept cut with a lawn mower once every ten days until
late, then let go to seed. A tine growth was ^jroduced, and it is a good spreader. I
think it will i)rove one of the best grasses for this climate.

Mr. N. Christensen, Mariadahl, Pottawatomie County:

The seed was sown in March. The grass grew well, and was mown two or three
times with a lawn mower. It makes a good sod.

Mr. T. E. Pearce, Edgerton, Johnson County:

The English bluegrass was sown broadcast and lightly harrowed in. It grew well,
but has not seeded yet, and will not for another year. When mixed with clover it
makes one of our best pasture grasses. The yield of seed is about 8 to 20 bushels
per acre. On good corn land it does well, but low, moist lands suit it best for heavy
yields of pasturage. It is, perhaps, one of the most profitable pasture grasses we
have. It starts to grow very early in spring, and grows very well in midsummer.
It grows again very rapidly in the fall, unless extremely dry. After the seed crop
is taken off, it can be cut later on f(n' hay, which is very good.

MINNESOTA.

Mr. S. M. Warman, Sandstone, Pine County:

The yield per acre is about 2^ tons of hay of first-class quality. It grows rapidly
and makes excellent pasturage. The hay is worth about $8 per ton.

MISSOURI.

Mr. G. W. Coyey, Laddonia, Audrain County :

The seed was sown broadcast on a heavy clay loam on April 9. It has not headed,
but has produced a fine growth, and now covers the ground like a thick carpet.
We have had a number of killing frosts, but they have not affected it. I shall turn
sheep in to eat the grass during the winter. I think it will prove a good thing for
our soil and climate.

MONTANA.

Mr. Wm. Flannery, Bozeman, Gallatin County :

The seed was sown broadcast on June 7, on new land composed of a sandy loam,
then harrowed, rolled, and harrowed again with a light harrow. The crop was irri-
gated twice. I secured a good stand, but I can not form an opinion of its value
until it has wintered and grown for another year.

Wm. W. Gamble & Sons, Burton, Teton County :

The seed was sown on May 19 with a hand seeder. The crop was irrigated. I
secured a fine stand, and it seems to do well, but I can tell better about it next year.

44

Mr. W. H. Heideman, Kalispell, Flathead County :
A very rich, black, sandy loam was plowed deep, well worked up, and harrowed
twice before seeding. The seed was sown broadcast on May 3, 1898, and then har-
rowed and rolled. The ground was quite weedy, so the plot was cut with a mower
to keep the weeds down. The grass has grown well, considering the dry season,
and must have great drought-resisting powers. It has kept wonderfully green and
fresh, and has made some growth this fall in spite of the little rain. I have great
confidence in this grass, and am now giving it third place. I will report further on
it in 1899. Now that another year has passed I think more of it. I can not praise
it too much. It does not seem to mind dry and hot spells. It is probably best for
pasture, but it makes good hay.

Mr. R. A. Reynolds, Dillon, Beaverhead County:

A rich, low, bench land was used which had been summer fallowed and well pre-
pared. The seed was sown with oats May 1, 1898, at the rate of 3 pecks to the acre
and dragged in. The crop was irrigated twice during the summer. A good thick
stand was secured and it ought to make a fine crop next year. The oats grew too
rank and shaded the grass too much. I think it ought to make a good grass for this
country.

Mr. C. C. Willis, Plains, Missoula County:

The seed was sown May 1, but owing to the dry season it did not grow thick
enough to harvest. It grew about 1 foot high and is fine for grazing. I can tell more
about English blue grass next summer, as it takes one year to form a sod. It seems
to stand the dry weather well, but it should have been sown the first of April.

NEBRASKA.

Mr. Alfred Shirley, Weeping Water, Cass County:
The seed was sown in March on the snow on the lawn. I secured a good stand,
and I think it would be a good meadow or pasture grass. As it grows very rank, it
is not good for lawns. I think it will be a success in this climate, as it is now in fine
shape to stand the winter.

Mr. J. W. Williams, Weeping Water, Cass County:
The seed was sown broadcast April 6, 1898, and well harrowed in. I did not get
a good stand, but what came up did very well.

NORTH DAKOTA.

Mr. William Britten, Sterling, Burleigh County:

It seemed to die down when drought set in about August 1, but turned green in
September when the fall rains set in. I think it would do well for lawns or pasture
on low wet lands, but I do not think it would succeed on upland.

Mr. J. W. Higgs, Silverleaf, Dickey County:

The seed was sown April 16. It came up well and made a good growth until
June 15. The seed did not mature, but the grass looked nice and green up to Novem-
ber 1. I think it will make a fine pasture if once established.

OREGON.

Mr. E. R. Reamcs, Klamath Falls, Klamath County.
The seed was sown broadcast in May. The grass grew well and made a good growth.
It was used for pasture.

45

Mr. J. O. Stemmler, Dora, Coos County:

The seed was sown l)roiuleast April 10, 1898. It did not make much of a crop
the tirst season and was not harvested until July 25, 1899. It grew about 2 feet high
and produced about 20 bushels of seed per acre. It may prove to be of great value,
as it seems to be adapted to this climate, ripens in good season, and makes a good
growth.

WASHINGTON.

Mr. F. A. English, Farming-ton, Whitman County:

The seed was sown broadcast May 15, 1898, on a deep, black, loamy, summer-
fallowed soil. I secured a line crop, which was fully 5 feet high. The yield per acre
was about 2i tons of good hay. It is a very valuable grass for pasture or hay in good
loamy soil, which is neither too wet nor too dry. I would recommend it for sec-
tions with soils Uke mine. It should be grown extensively.

WYOMING.

Mr. G. A. Bell, Hyattville, Bighorn County:

The English l)lue grass was very good. It stands drought well, but does not grow
high enough for hay.

Mr. Robert Tait, Islay, Laramie County:

This seems to be a better grass for pasture than for hay, l)ut it did very well for hay
considering the backward spring and cold summer. I cut about the 1st of September,
when it was nicely headed out and ripe. I think it a good grass for this climate.

CURLY MESQUIT (Hilaria cencliroides) .

A delicate, perennial grass a few inches, to nearly 1 foot high,
with slender, creeping runners and short, crisp leaves, which form a
matted sward that improves under an amount of abuse and hard usage
that would kill out less hardy grasses. It is one of the most valuable
of the grasses of the dry plains and mesas of the Southwest, and in
habit of growth closely resembles the true buffalo grass. During the
summer it makes a dense, leafy turf, maturing on the ground, and in
the fall and winter, when not rotted by late rains, affords excellent
pasturage for all kinds of stock. No grass stands the long dry spells
to which the Southwest is periodically subject better than curly mes-
quit. It commences to grow earlier in the spring than buffalo grass.
Pastures may he. sodded down to it by harrowing in bits of chopped up
turf in the early spring after a rain, when the ground is soft, and in
the course of a year a tine turf can be produced over the entire field.
It is one of the best grasses for use in the renovation of the ranges.
In dry summer weather it very often appears dead, but a few hours
after a rain it becomes green again. Seed is produced in abundance,
but it is difficult to harvest and of rather uncertain vitality.

Eighteen packages of the seed of this grass have been distributed
for trial, but only one report has been received.

46

ITAIilAN RYE GRASS (Lolium italicum) .

A well-known, excellent hay and pasture grass introduced into this
country from Europe about thirty-three years ago. It grows in broad,
compact tufts, producing an immense growth of foliage from a single
root cluster. Owing to its extremely rapid growth, cuttings may be
obtained within three or four weeks from seeding, and at intervals of
a month or six weeks successive crops may be harvested. Although
it can be grown in almost all the States, it is better adapted to the
middle latitudes and thrives best from southern Pennsylvania to Vir-
ginia. Because of its very rapid growth it is, like alfalfa, a good crop
to rid land of weeds, as it quickly overshadows them, preventing the
ripening of seed. This grass should always be cut for hay while in
full bloom, as the stems rapidly become wood}^ and unpalatable. It
is not to be recommended for permanent pastures, as its duration is
only two or three years; but for temporary meadows, and where a
green growth is desired in a very short time it is an excellent grass.
During the year 1898 twenty packages of the seed of this variety
were distributed, and live reports have been received, two giving
satisfactory results.

PERENNIAL RYE GRASS (Lolium perenne) .

A vigorous perennial grass introduced into this country from Europe
many years ago. On marshy lands, where the soil is good, it is one of
the best pasture grasses. In such situations it will last from five to seven
years, but on dry, sterile, upland soils it is short lived, rapidly dis-
appearing after the second year. It stands pasturing well, and makes
a quick recovery after having been closely cropped. The quality of
the forage is very fine, being relished by all kinds of stock. For pas-
ture on heavy soils in moist climates it is especially valuable, and
under such conditions is largely used in mixtures for permanent pas-
tures. As it grows very rapidly, a line stand can be secured in a few
weeks from the time of seeding. It is especially valuable when quick
results are wanted and for covering the ground while other and more
permanent varieties, like redtop or orchard grass, are becoming estab-
lished. The form known as Pacey's perennial rye grass is said to
be more vigorous than the species. Since 1896 twenty -five packages
of perennial rye grass have been distributed, but only live experi-
menters have reported the results of their trials. The following are
two of these reports:

Mr. Henry Wehry, North Vernon, Jennings County, Ind. :
The soil used was a rather stiff clay, underlaid with slate and inclined to bake after
hard rains. The ground was plowed and harrowed before sowing. The seed was
sown April 24, 1897, in drills 6 inches apart, and cultivated twice between the rows
during the season. The late sowing was altogether against it, so that it grew to be
only about 4 inches high. I secured a good stand, and think it will be a valuable
addition to our hay-producing grasses. We had plenty of rain during the entire
season.

Bui. 22, Div. of Agrostology. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate VI.

Fig. 1.- Japanese Barnyard Millet iPanicum crus-galli

Walla, Wash.

From a photopfraph by A. B. Leckenby.

GROWN AT Walla

Fig. 2.— View in Grass Station at Walla Walla, Wash., Showing Red Lump
Millet on the Left and Metcalfe Bean in Center.

From a photogfraph by F. Lanison-Scribner, 1890.

47

Mr. James Lofthouse, Paradise, Cache Count}^ Utah:

A black clay loam was plowed in the fall. The seed was sown the last of June,
1899, and raked in by hand. The crop received no cultivation, but was irrigated
twice. It is at this date (November 15) about 6 inches long and nice and green. I
think it will do well here and be very valuable for meadows and late pasturage.

SACCATON (Muhlenbergia distichophylla) .

A rather coarse, firmly-rooted g-rass, 3 to -i feet high, with long,
narrow, rigid, drooping leaves and loosel}- flowered, somewhat nar-
row, panicles. It is a native of Arizona and New Mexico, where,
together with Sporoholus wrightil^ it is classed under the general name
of Saccatone, which is the common term for native hay in those regions.
This grass produces a large amount of dense foliage all through the
dry summer weather, and might prove of considerable value if it could
be introduced into cultivation. Eighteen packages of this seed have
been distributed and six reports have been received. Most of those
reporting have had poor success and do not consider it worth experi-
mentiup' with.

'to

JAPANESE BARNYARD MILLET (Panicum crus-galli) .

(Plate VI, fig. 1.)

The seed of this variety was secured by Professor Brooks, of the
Hatch Experiment Station, Massachusetts, from northern Japan, where
the grain is used to a considerable extent as human food. It has been
thoroughly tested and highly recommended as a forage crop by that
station, and is considered superior to the ""Ankee" millet because of
its earliness. A crop of hay can be matured in about two and one-half
months. It differs from the ordinary barnyard grass in its upright
growth, finer branches or suckers, softer and lighter colored foliage,
later and shorter season of ripening, compact awnless heads, and less
ability to withstand drought. At the Hatch Experiment Station it has
produced 67 bushels of seed, 11,297 pounds of straw, 18 tons of green
fodder, or 6 tons of hay per acre. It is said to be superior to good
corn fodder in feeding for milk, and in combination with soy beans
makes very superior silage. Professor Brooks found by alternating
the millet cut from day to day and fed green to cows with well-eared
flint corn fodder, that the cows invariably increased in milk when
put upon the millet and fell off when changed to the corn. From a
peck to a half bushel of seed per acre, according to the richness of the
land and the season of sowing, is sufficient. This millet will not endure
drought well, hence the necessity of sowing early and harvesting a crop
before the late, dry summer months begin.

Seventy-eight packages of Japanese barnyard millet have been dis-
tributed by this Division since 1896, 59 of which were obtained from,
and grown at the Hatch Experiment Station. Most of the trials proved

48

to be failures, owing- to the lateness of planting and the severe drought.
Twenty-nine reports have been received, of which 14 record faiUires, 5
unsatisfactory, and 10 good results. The following are some of the
reports which have been received:

Mr, E. M. Graham, Ruston, Lincoln County, La. :

Two plantings were made, on the 1st and 15th of April, 1899, respectively. The
soil of the first planting was sandy, thoroughly pulverized and fertilized with manure
from a cow lot. The second planting was on rich bottom land without any fertilizer,
but the soil was thoroughly plowed. In both cases the seed was sown in drills about
30 inches apart. I did not harvest the millet until the seeds were fully matured,
which was about the 10th of July It makes good feed, cut green or cured. It grew
off slowly at first, but more rapidly as its roots took to the soil. It was not a fair test,
however, because of the severe dry weather in May and June and part of July. I
think this millet will be a good crop for this climate, and could be sown by the 15th
of March and harvested by the 15th of May. All stock relish it.

Mr. John Howat, Welton, Clinton County, Iowa:

The land used was a heavy, loam, prairie soil, underlaid with clay. It was well
prepared by plowing, harrowing, and pulverizing with a disk cultivator. The seed
was sown in drills, June 8, 1899. The land was cultivated twice with a corn cul-
tivator, and the crop harvested on September 4, when ripe enough for seed. The
yield is heavy, but the crop has not been thrashed yet, and its feeding value can
not be estimated before winter feeding. This is without doubt a valuable variety of
the barnyard millet, and will make a great crop of hay. Some of the seed which I
sowed broadcast produced a crop that was laid down ])y a heavy storm, while that
sown in drills came up again. I made an exhibit of the plants at our county fair.
The stalks were 5 feet high.

Mr. Daniel McLaren, San Die^o, San Diego County, Cal. :
The seed was planted in drills about the middle of April on well-prepared, heavy
"adobe " soil. The millet was in full bloom about the middle of July. The millet
was harvested about the middle of August when fully ripe. In quality it is good,
but I could not do it full justice, as I was short of water. I am favorably impressed
with its value as a forage plant, as stock is very fond of it, and it yields au abundance
of seed.

Hon. H. C. Warner, Forestburg, Sanborn County, S. Dak. :

The seed was sown broadcast May 20, 1899, and harrowed in. I secured a per-
fect stand, but the drought of July, August, and September ruined the crop so that it
failed to head. I have grown barnyard millet for three years previous to this, and it
has proved very valuable for hay.

Mr. W. A. Wilkin, Salesville, Guernsey County, Ohio:

The yield per acre was about 2 tons. The quality of the hay was good, but
coarse, and the growth very heavy. I believe it to be a valuable crop to help out
when the hay crop is cut short by drought or other cause.

Mr. J. T. Wright, Anson, Jones County, Tex. :

The seed was sown in drills April 5, 1899. It matured a crop about June 20,
and yielded about 2 tons per acre. The quality of the product is very good. This
millet is a rapid grower, and, if the season permits, a second crop can be secured after
the first cutting, which will double the yield. It should be harvested when in full
bloom to make the best feed. I think it will be valuable, and I want to continue my
experiments with it next season.

49

RED LUMP MILLET (Panicum miliaceum) .
(Plate VI, fig. 2.)

The seed of this variety was received by the Department through
Prof. N. E. Hansen, in February, 1898, from Orangeburg, Russia, on
the boundary between European Russia and Siberia, where it is said to
endure ver}^ severe drought. The seed is large and is much used by
the peasants and Kirghiz Tartars for food. It is a variety of the com-
mon broom-corn millet of Europe, which has been in cultivation there
for centuries. The branches of the panicle or head of red lump millet
are shorter, more erect, denser, and closer together than the varieties
of broom-corn millet commonly grown in this country. Its seeds are
shiny and of a light reddish-brown color. It does not grow quite so
tall as many of the other varieties, averaging only from 1 to 3 feet.
It will be highly valued in the North and Northwest, owing to its abil-
ity to mature a crop of seed in a very short time. During the dry
seasons, so often prevailing in those regions, it may, to some extent,
serve as a substitute for corn. There is, perhaps, no other millet in
this country that will produce such heavy yields of seed per acre. It
seems to be well adapted to the climatic conditions of Kansas, as nearly
all the experimenters in that State report having had excellent suc-
cess, except for the ravages of chinch bugs and grasshoppers. In the
States of Montana and Nebraska it gave very promising results,
while in the Dakotas the seed is highly valued for chicken and hog
feed, and sometimes as a substitute for corn in fattening cattle. It
will probabh^ never prove as valuable for hay as any of the foxtail and
broom-corn millets now known in this country, because it does not
produce as much leafage, and its stalks are inclined to be coarse,
especially when thinly sown. In the spring of 1898, 360 5-pound
packages of the seed of red lump millet were distributed by the
division through the Section of Seed and Plant Introduction. One
hundred and sixty-six reports have been received. The seed was dis-
tributed to volunteer experimenters in 31 different States, and reports
have been received from Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska,
North Dakota, Oklahoma Territory, Oregon, South Dakota, Washing-
ton, and Wyoming.

The following reports received from experimenters in the above
States will testify as to its value as a forage plant for this country:

COLOKADO.

Mr. E. E. T. Hazen, Holyoke, Phillips County:

A sandy, slightly gravelly loam was plowed 10 inches deep and harrowed twice.
The seed was sown broadcast May 7, 1898, and the land harrowed twice after
sowing. The millet was well up by May 25, and by August 1 it was thoroughly
15799~No. 22 1

50

ripe. It was fully ripe in about seventy-five days from the time of sowing and fifty
days from the date of its coming up. The yield per acre would probably be about
58 bushels. The straw was not very long on account of drought, but the quality of
both seed and straw was good.

Mr. W. H. Wilder, Trinidad, Las Animas County:

The seed was sown broadcast in the garden about June 29, 1899. It ripened about
September 1 , and yielded about 25 bushels of seed per acre. The quality of the for-
age was good but rather coarse. The red lump millet is a good thing, but for winter
feed only.

KANSAS.

Mr. S. S. Dickinson, Larned, Pawnee County:

The land was plowed 8 inches deep, then harrowed and rolled. The seed was
sown broadcast May 13, 1898, and harrowed in. By July 14 it was 18 inches high
on an average and well filled with seed in the milk stage. It would have averaged
3 tons of hay to the acre.

Mr. C. P. Fullington, Wichita, Sedgwick County:

A black, sandy loam was plowed, harrowed, and rolled. The seed was sown broad-
cast July 1, 1898. It was in full bloom about August 5 and had ripened its seed
by August 20. The quality of the product was good and the yield of seed par-
ticularly heavy. It grows well and has the appearance of being a good forage plant.

Mr. C. H. Jackson, Kidderville, Hodgeman County:

The land was plowed deep and the seed sown May 12, 1898. By August it had
headed well with large heads filled with an abundance of seed. The plant grew
to be about 12 inches high. The seed was so heavy that it was impossible to gather
it except by hand. If it had been planted thicker on the ground it would have
been practicable to harvest it with a header. The seed might make good hog feed
if it could be saved.

Mr. M. Mellinger, St. Francis, Cheyenne County:

A black, loamy soil was spring plowed and the seed sown broadcast May 1, 1898,
and harrowed in. It was cut the 15th of July, before fully matured, on account of
the danger of grasshoppers destroying it. I regard it as a valuable forage plant.

Mr. Mads. Olson, Mullinville, Kiowa County:

The soil used was old ground in good condition. The seed was sown with a press
drill about the middle of May. I harvested it when fully ripe, the latter part of
July. It grew very rapidly to a height of about 2 feet, producing very large seed
heads. I have nearly a bushel of seed which I will sow next year on some new
land. It seems to stand the dry weather better than the other millets.

MONTANA.

Mr. Marion Flaherty, Bozeman, Gallatin Count}^:

A well-prepared sandy loam was used. The seed was sown by hand May 23,
1898, and harrowed in with a light harrow. By August 8 there was a heavy crop,
well filled with good, plump seed. I want to try it for ensilage, as the season is too
short for corn here. I think it will be a valuable crop for the silo. I will sow about
5 acres of it next season. If its fattening qualities are good it would be useful here
as a substitute for corn for fattening cattle.

51

Mr. Daniel Fratt, Billings, Yellowstone County:

A sandy soil was plowed in the spring and the seed was sown about May 20,
1898, and harniwed in. Part of it was irrigated and part not. It was fully matured
about September 8. The plant makes a fine growth and is well adapted to this soil
and climate. It yields well, but I have not been out to my ranch since it was
thrashed. This millet would be valuable for hay here when labor is cheap; but owing
to its having to be sown each year, and the seed harvested and thrashed, it is not profit-
able in this part of the State, where labor is $35 per month.

Mr. G. M. Lewis, Meyersburg, Park County:

A stiff, rich soil was plowed deep and thoroughly disked and harrowed before
sowing. The 5 pounds of seed were sown broadcast June 6, 1898, on one-fourth of
an acre, and covered with a tooth harrow. It was cut for hay about September
15, when the blossoms began to fall. A strong growth 4 feet high was produced
which stooled out well. Some of it was irrigated once with reservoir manure, which
accelerated the growth considerably. A slight frost which affected potatoes did not
affect the millet. The yield was probably from about 3j to 4 tons per acre.

Mr. Emory Vine, Miles City, Custer County:

A sandy loam was plowed and harrowed in the usual way. The seed was sown
broadcast about the last of INIay and harrowed in. The crop was harvested for seed
about the 1st of September. It was not very good for hay, but it seems to be a good
drought resister, and I am inclined to think it would be a good forage for this coun-
try where they can not irrigate.

Mr. C. C. Willis, Plains, Missoula County:

The seed was sown May 4, 1898, on dry bench land. I did not secure a very good
stand. The plants grew to be about 2 feet high, and were in full bloom about July
20, the seed ripening about August 15. If I had secured a good stand I would
have had 8 or 4 tons to the acre. It has large, well-filled heads, and is a fine, rich
feed. I think it would be a good fat and milk producer. In 1899 the crop of red-
lump millet was very rank and thrifty, stooling well with a great deal of foliage on
the stalks. This year I failed to raise any seed on account of so much rain. I think
it a good forage plant for this country.

NEBRASKA.

Mr. Edward Barnes, Dorchester, Saline County:

A black loam was plowed and harrowed fine. The seed was sown June 1, 1899.
The millet was just going out of bloom August 15. The yield per acre was about
3 tons. It is an excellent forage for cattle and horses.

Mr. M. H, Chase, Palisade, Hitchcock County:

A black, buffalo-grass land was used. The soil was put in fine condition, and the
seed was sown broadcast May 24, 1898, and harrowed in. The quality of the product
was very fine. In comparison with a similar kind of millet raised here it seems to
be very much better. The yield of seed was about 15 bushels per acre. I sowed it
too thin in order to get more seed, and in consequence was troubled with weeds.

Mr. Alfred Shirley, Weeping Water, Cass County:

A light soil was prepared with disk harrow and the seed sown by hand May 10,
1898, and harrowed in. The millet was in full bloom liy August 1, and ripe about
the last of August. It makes a strong, vigorous growth far exceeding any other vari-
ety of millet grown in this section. It can be grown successfully, and in this State
can not be recommended too highly.

52

NORTH DAKOTA.

Mr. William Brittin, Sterling, Burleigh County:

A sandy soil, which had been in cultivation for fourteen years, was spring plowed
and harrowed into good condition although rather dry for seed to gernainate in. Five
pounds of seed were sown May 12, 1898, with a shoe drill on one-seventh of an
acre. It should have been sown a little thinner. A heavy rain fell May 21 and the
seed came up May 24, making a good growth until the July drought set in, which
stunted the yield of straw and blasted a portion of the seed. 1 think the red-lump
millet will do well here. The seed ripened about August 10 and yielded about 3j
bushels to the acre.

Mr. W. Hanson, Englevale, Ransom County:

A very dry, clay loam was spring plowed and well harrowed. The seed was sown
broadcast May 20, 1898. I did not cut any for hay, but the seed ripened about
August 15. I believe it will do well as a seed-growing crop. It appears to be a good
yielder.

Mr. J. W. Higgs, Silverleaf, Dickey County:

The seed was sown broadcast May 27, 1898. The millet made a very fast growth
and was in full bloom by August 11. The yield of seed was about 18 bushels per
acre. In a good season it would make a large crop of both hay and seed. I think
it well adapted for this country. In 1899 I planted again, but it was not a good
season for any of the millets. For hay the red-lump millet is not as good as the
German millet, but for grain it is better than any other variety I know of. All
stock jjrefer it to the hog millet. I shall have enough seed next year to supply the
neighborhood.

Mr. H. S. Nichols, Oakes, Dickey County :

A black, sandy loam with clay subsoil was used. The seed was sown broadcast
about May 15, 1898, and harrowed in. The crop was ripe about August 1 and yielded
well, though I can not give the amount. This is a good plant for forage. AVhen
ground, stock relish it, and it seems to be equally as rich as maize. I intend con-
tinuing my experiments with this plant. The estimated yield in 1899 wa.s 20
bushels per acre. It is excellent food for all kinds of stock, and does best in this
locality when sown late. Some good crops were reported when sown as late as
July 4. It is valuable for both grain and hay.

OKLAHOMA TERRITORY.

Mr. A. C. Aborn, Omega, Kingfisher County:

A dark, rich loam was plowed and well harrowed. The seed was sown broadcast
in May, 1898. The crop reached maturity in July. I believe it will be a good mil-
let for this country, but it did not have a fair test on account of the wet weather. I
have saved enough seed to test it again.

Mr. C. L. Bo5^d, Redmoon, Roger Mills County:

A red, sandy, river-bottom loam that had been in cultivation for three years was
used. In 1897 it produced 4 tons of German millet per acre, which grew 6 feet high.
The ground was broken in February, rebroken in April, then harrowed down fine.
The seed was sown broadcast Ajjril 26, 1898, harrowed in with a light harrow, and
afterwards rolled. Excessive rains in May and June produced so much overflow and

53

standing water that it did not have a fair chance and grew only 1 foot high, 50 per
cent of it being drowned out. I do not consider it of much value for forage, but as a
grain feed, under more favorable circumstances, it would yield at least 50 bushels of
good grain per acre.

OREGON.

Mr. E. R. Reames, Klamath Falls, Klamath County:

A sandy loam was plowed, harrowed, and well cultivated. The seed was sown
broadcast April 20, 1898, and covered with a harrow. The plants bloomed August
25, and ripened seed by September 10. The quality of the product was good. Hav-
ing but a small quantity of seed I could not estimate the yield per acre, but it was
very heavy. It grew about 15 inches high, with very large heads containing plump
seed.

Mr. J. O. Stemmler, Dora, Coos County:

Second bottom land was used. The seed was sown broadcast May 1, 1898.
The millet was in full bloom by July 15, and ripened seed by September 1. The
yield per acre was about 3J or 4 tons. This millet grows very well on good land and
yields all that any reasonable person should desire. Its probable value is about |3
per bushel.

SOUTH DAKOTA.

Hon. H. C. Warner, Forestburg, Sanborn County:

A sandy loam was plowed and harrowed. The seed was sown broadcast June
1, 1898, and harrowed in. The millet ripened by September 1 and produced a good
quality of seed. This variety was planted along with 12 other varieties of millet
and proved to be more productive of seed than any of them. It received first pre-
mium at the State fair for the best peck of millet seed. For poultry feed or for
grinding for hog feed it will be best of all.

WASHINGTON.

Mr. W. E. Lawrence, Toppeuish, Yakima County:

An alluvial soil was used that had the sage taken off, then plowed 10 inches
deep, and harrowed. The seed was sown in drills 10 inches apart April 1, 1899.
The crop was fully ripe by June 10. The yield per acre was about 4 tons of hay and
900 pounds of seed. The hay is extra good for cattle. This millet grows best on
good soil, just damp enough for germination, and will not stand much irrigation.
When cut green it makes excellent cattle feed. The seed is one of the best feeds for
poultry and sells readily at 10 cents per pound.

WYOMING.

Mr. W. R. Williams, Ten Sleep, Bighorn County:

A sandy loam was plowed and put into good condition. The seed was sown broad-
cast May 12, 1898, and harrowed in. The crop was irrigated once. It was very
ripe by August 10. The quality of the product is very good. I consider this one of
our l)est crops for hogs and chickens. I raised 6 bushels of seed from the 5 pounds
sent me. My neighbors all like it, and I have given away 2 bushels of seed in small
quantities.

54

FOXTAIL MILLETS (Chaetocliloa italica and var. g-ermanica) . '

(Plate VII, fig. 2.)

The foxtail millets are by far the most important group of millets
grown in this country. They have a compact, bristl3% foxtail-like head
and are said to have evolutionized from the common foxtail grasses of
the fields and waste places. To this group belong the common, Ger-
man, and Hunsfarian millets with their inanv-named forms and varieties.

'■'The common millet is the most widely cultivated of the foxtail
millets in this country at the present time. It is the hardiest, most
drought-resistant, and gives better returns on poor soils than the other
commonly grown varieties. Although long known in Europe, it seems
to have reached its perfection in this country, and is now being sold in
Europe under such names as American millet and California millet."

''The German millet makes a heavy yield of forage under favorable
conditions, but does not stand drought as well as the common and
Hungarian millets. The hay is coarser and less highly valued than
that from the other millets, but when the forage can be fed in the
green state this will be found to be an excellent variety to grow on
account of the heavy yield. Some of the so-called Japanese millets
now on the market belong to the German millet type."

"The Hungarian millet or grass has been in cultivation in the United
States since 1830, and probably much earlier. It first came into gen-
eral cultivation in the Middle West. In Iowa it won favor at once,
and as early as 1856 was a most valuable forage crop, particularly on
recently broken land. At the present time it is more widely grown in
the North than in the South. By most farmers it is placed next to the
common millet as a hay crop, the quality being regarded as better than
German millet.

"Hungarian millet does not resist drought as well as common millet,
but with favorable conditions of soil and moisture it will usually give
a somewhat heavier yield. One reason why Hungarian has not found
more favor with farmers generally is that it shows a greater tendency
than other conmion varieties to persist in the soil when allowed to
mature seed before harvesting. In portions of the Missouri Valley
region, as in eastern Nebraska and Iowa, this millet received a great
deal of attention from farmers during the seventies, and fine crops of
hay and seed were obtained, but its tendenc}^ to 'volunteer' brought
it into more or less disfavor, and it is now less commonl}^ grown than
either common millet or German millet. It seldom becomes trouble-
some, however, except on light, sandy soils or land recently brought
into cultivation. On moist, heavy soils or in regions where there is a
great deal of wet weather during the fall and winter months it is not
likel}^ to make much volunteer growth."

'For full discussion on "Millets," see Farmers' Bulletin Xo. 101, United States
D(!partment of Agriculture.

Bui. 22. Div. of Agrostology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture

Plate VII.

Fig 1. -Broom-corn Millet grown at North Yakima, Wash.

From a photograph by A. B. Leckenby, 18!)'J.

Fig. 2.— Millet, from a View in Grass Station at North Yakima, Wash.
From a photograph by A. B. Leckealiy, 1809.

Bui. 22, Div of Agrostology, U. S. Dept. o* Agriculture.

Plate VIII.

Fig. 1 .—Collecting Seed for United States Department of Agriculture, Division
OF Agrostology, of Seaside Blue Grass near Morrison, Oreg.

From a photograp}j by A. B. Leckenby, 1899.

Fig. 2.— Seaside or Astoria Blue Grass iPoa macranthaI

From photograpb taken near Morrison, Oreg., by A. li. Leckenby, IH'.H).

55

Since 1896 thirty-one packages of different forms and varieties of
foxtail millets have been distributed bj^ this division, and 12 satisfac-
toiT n^ports have been received.

The folloAving- report from Mr. C. E. Kittinger, of Powell, S. Dak.,
is of much interest to the farmers of that region:

Next to the grasses were sown the following kinds of millets: Japanese Foxtail
millet {Chxiocldoa italica), Japanese barnyard millet {Pavicum crus-galli) , Red
Japanese Broom-corn millet {Panicum miliaceum), Early Harvest, Golden Wonder,
Buckbee's California Beauty, Manitoba, common, and Hungarian millets.

All of the Japanese millets grew tall and coarse, and were late in maturing, espe-
cially the first two varieties. The stalks grew nearly 4 feet high, as large as lead
pencils, and when ripe were about as woody. The heads were erect and very com-
pact. The red Japanese was the first one to ripen and the worst to shell out of the
three varieties. In growth it resembles broom-corn millet. Early harvest grew
much like common millet, and was the first of all to mature. Golden wonder grew
larger than any other variety, with coarse, woody stems. It was late in ripening
and lodged liadly before mature. It had a large amount of leaves on the stem, and
on poorer ground or with less rain might have made good hay if cut early. Buck-
bee's California beauty grew large and coarse, with long, drooping heads of large
seed, but was later than common millet. Manitoba millet grew much like broom-
corn millet and shelled badly. Hungarian grass is much like common millet, but
has a more leafy stem, and the seeds are brown instead of yellow\ Most of these
grew larger than common millet and were later in maturing. Under different con-
ditions, they would no doubt have been smaller, but taking all things into consiaer-
ation, none of the varieties tested promise greater usefulness than the common
millet.

Millet is one of the best forage plants that can be grown in this section, but when
intended for hay ought to be cut before the seed is ripe. It is much harder to cure
than prairie hay, and it ought to lay in the windrows or bunches until thoroughly
dried, or it will heat and mold in the stack, while if left to thoroughly cure before
raking up it will bleach badly, and bleaching spoils its nutrition. Hay ought to be
cured without being exposed to direct sunshine, but that is not possible to do on a
large scale. Itcan be raked green and allowed to dry in the windrow, so that only a
small part of it will be exposed. The old adage, "Make hay while the sun shines,"
should be revised to read, "Make hay while the wind blows."

SEASIDE BLUE GRASS (Poa macrantlia.)
(Plate VIII, figs. 1 and 2, and Plate XIII, fig 2.)

A smooth, stout grass 1 to 2 feet high, with strongly creeping root-
stocks, dense, erect panicles, and very large spikelets. It is found
growing abundantly on the sand dunes along the Pacitic coast, where
it is highly valued for its sand-binding qualities. At the grass station
at Walla Walla, Wash., it has given excellent results, showing but
little the effects of frost, and promises to be of great value for forage.
Experiments which have been carried on by sowing the seed on the
sands bordering the Great Lakes indicate that it may prove valuable
as a sand binder, not only along the seacoast, but also in the sandy
regions of the interior.

Eighteen packages of seaside, blue-grass seed collected by special

56

agents on the Pacific coast (see Plate VIII, fig. 1) were distributed by
this division during the fiscal year 1898-99.

Only 4 reports have been received from experimenters along the
Atlantic coast. In 2 cases the seeds failed to germinate and the others
secured a fair stand of plants from 6 inches to 1 foot high. Further
experimentation is necessary before we will be able to state the value
of this grass to the Atlantic coast and the lake regions of the interior.

MISCELLANEOUS FORAGE PLANTS.

DWARF ESSEX RAPE (Brassica napus).'

(Plate IX, figs. 1 and 2.)

A succulent, nutritious biennial forage plant with large, glaucous,
smooth, spreading leaves, which has been widely cultivated in the
northern United States and Canada. Its area of usefulness, however,
might be made to extend more largely to the West and Northwest, as
there are many places it may occupy in the rotation of crops on the
farm. By the use of irrigation excellent crops of rape can be grown
in the semiarid regions, and recent reports indicate that it will with-
stand quite severe drought if well cultivated. It makes an excellent
feed for fattening sheep and is a valuable food for young lambs at
weaning time. Rape will endure quite severe cold weather, and
sheep can be pastured on it late into the winter, until the snow covers
it up. Animals should not be turned into the rape pastures when the
leaves are wet, for fear of bloating, and they have been found to do
better when they have access to an open grass pasture as well as to the
rape. There are several varieties of rape, but the Dwarf Essex is the
most widely cultivated. Under average conditions a yield of from 10
to 20 tons or more per acre may be expected, although much heavier
yields have been recorded. Mr. W. H. Heideman, of Kalispell,
Flathead County, Mont., has had wonderful success with this plant
for several years. He regards it as one of the greatest forage plants
known. He cut it three times the first season for feed, and the second
season secured a fine yield of first-class seed. The illustration (Plate IX,
fig. 1) represents a single plant grown by him from his own seed.

Sixty-one small packages of the seed of this variety were distributed
in the spring of 1899, but so far only 12 reports have been received
from the experimenters, with 2 failures, 2 unsatisfactory, 2 good, and 6
excellent reports.

The following are some of the reports received from different
States:

Mr. Thomas Ashcroft, Ashcroft, Harding Count}^, S. Dak. :

The seed was sown broadcast in June as soon as the land could be plowed, and
then harrowed down before it dried hard. The land was not cultivated in any way

'For full discussion of "Rape as a forage plant" see Circular No. 12, Division of
Agrostology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

Bui. 22, Div. of Agrostology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate IX.

Fig. 1 . a Single Plant of Dwarf Essex Rape, grown by
Mr. W. H. Heideman. Kalispell. Mont.

^^^^^^^

Fig. 2 -Rape grown at Mellette. S. Dak.

57

after sowing. The rape grew to perfection, and I am still cutting it (November 10) and
have been for six weeks feeding it to our milch cows. It does not affect the butter and
is an excellent plant to bring them home before sunset. It is quite green yet and will
not ripen. If weighed as soon as cut, I should judge it would give about 20 tons to the
acre. Its value is incalculable. We began to give it to calves in the pen as soon as
the commencement of hay time. Everything appears to like it. Cows eat it with
avidity. It is quite the wonder of the neighborhood. I have been asked more than
forty times, ' ' What is that green stuff down there?' '

Mr. Will Crosier, St Edward, Boone County, Nebr. :

The seed was sown broadcast May 30 on a well-prepared black loamy soil. It
kept growing until fall, and I think it would make an excellent forage plant for
pasturage.

Mr. J. E. Krasomil, Atlanta, Phelps County, Nebr.:

The seed was sown broadcast April 10 on a well-prepared moist, rich, black, loamy
soil. It did splendidly, but I did not do anything with it. It now stands 14 inches
high, and the frost has no affect on it.

Mr, J. B. Nixon, Charleston, Franklin County, Ark. :

A rich common prairie soil was used. The seed was sown in drills May 3. It
was well cultivated to keep the ground mellow and free from weeds and grass. The
quality of the product was good and the growth rapid. The leaves are large and
succulent and greatly relished by cattle and hogs. I consider it will be a most useful
green fodder and forage plant.

STJLLA (Hedysarum coronarium) .

A strongly rooted, vigorous, perennial legume with numerous very
succulent, radical, compound leaves, varying in height from 1 to 6
feet, according to soil and climatic conditions. It is a native of south-
ern Italy and was first introduced into cultivation in 1766. For the
warmer sections of the United States, subject to long-protracted
drought, sulla may prove a most valuable forage plant, and is worthy of
extensive trials in Texas, Florida, and other Gulf States. It will with-
stand slight frosts, but is killed if the roots are frozen. The practice
is to sow the seeds in September or October on land that has been
deeply plowed and thoroughly pulverized, either alone or with winter
wheat or oats. In feeding value it compares very favorably with red
clover and alfalfa. It is best adapted to tropical and subtropical
climates.

Our special agent at Abilene, Tex., reports having had very fair
success with it. The seed was sown May 4. It grew vigorousl}^ from
the start, and by the time the hot and dry winds began, early in July,
it had reached a growth of from 6 to 12 inches. The long four months'
drought, however, caused the leaves to wither and die, but the roots
held their own and continued to grow down into the earth. On the
approach of rain in the fall the plat was soon green again. He believes
that it is going to prove of much v^alue and that it should be tested in
all sections of Texas.

58

Twenty-nine packages of the seed of sulla were distributed in 1898
and 10 reports have been received, only a few of which are satisfactory.
Mr. O. S. Herrint^ton, Dollie, Jones County, Miss., reports:

A sandy, pine rid^e in first-class condition was prepared as for cotton. The seed
was sown broadcast. ( )n account of dry weather I failed to get a stand until Decem-
ber 1. There is no doubt but that sulla will do well here. I scattered some .seed (jn
unprepared land, and it came up with the first rains, and now looks as thrifty as that
on the prepared land. I shall be glad to report again later on.

TTJRKESTAN ALFALFA (Medicag-o sativa var. turkestanica) .

(Plate X, fig. 1.)

This variety of alfalfa was received for the Department, through
Prof. N. E. Hansen, from eight localities in Russian Turkestan, in
June, 1898. It is found growing from the cotton-growing sections
of Bokhara and other parts of Russian Turkestan, into western China
and to its northern limits near Kopal, Siberia.

Prince Massalski, of the Department of Agriculture at St. Peters-
burg, writes (The Industries of Russia, Vol. Ill, p. 459):

Lucern-clover {Medicago sativa var. turkestanica) is the chief forage in use through-
out Central Asia, and to the settled population of Turkestan is (jf the highest impor-
tance, since during the summer it forms the chief, and in winter, prepared in the
shape of hay, the only fodder for cattle. It is of all the greater importance because
within the region populated by settled inhabitants there are no meadows. Soft herbs
and other grasses that grow up in the early spring in certain parts of the steppes are
quickly dried up by the hot rays of the sun, and give place to coarse, prickly stubble,
or in any case to less nutritive grasses that are in general unfitted for sheep, camels,
or steppe cattle, and still less fitted for horses or the cattle of those who are settled
in the oases, and are thus closely confined to the forelands or rivers, and in most
cases are far removed from the steppes.

Prince Massalski describes the native methods of cultivation and
irrigation, and continues:

The native lucern would seem to be a cattle fodder that can not be replaced in
countries so dry and so hot as Turkestan and the Transcaspian Province. Parallel
experiments that have been made in the Merv oases, in the Transcaspian Province, in
sowing native and French lucern, particularly where there is a lack of water, show
that it is vastly superior to the French in the crops it yields, and that it is able to
grow satisfactorily with a minimum supply of water, a supply so small that European
lucern would perish from drought. This peculiarity of the native lucern is to be
explained by its peculiar structure. It possesses a very large root system, and its
leaves are covered with thick down; this, in conjunction with a deep-cut channel on
the leaf, enables the plant on the one hand to imbibe the moisture from the deeper
layers of the soil, and on the other hand to exhale it in very small cjuantity.

Alfalfa is extensively grown throughout the entire United States
with the exception of New England. It is a deep feeder. The taproot
descends to a great depth wherever the soil is loose and permeable,

Bui. 22, Div, of Agiostoiogy. U. S Depi. of Agrxulture.

Plate X.

Fig. 1.— Turkestan Alfalfa grown at North Yakima, Wa^h., 1898.

Fig. 2.— Alfalfa, Bellefourche, S. Dak., 1897.

59

often avevcaging- 10 to 15 feet, while extraordinary depths of 50 to 60
feet have been recorded. The feeding value of alfalfa is very high,
provided the crop is cut in due season. When cut in time and prop-
erh" cured, alfalfa hay is an exceedingly valuable item in the farm
economy. Wherever the soil and climate are adapted to it, a lield of
alfalfa should be on everv man's farm.

In 1898 and 1899 three hundred and twenty-three packages of Turk-
estan alfalfa, of 10 pounds each were distributed l)y this Division
throuo-h the Section of Seed and Plant Introduction.^ This distribu-
tion included experimenters in 35 different States. Up to the present
time 148 reports have been received, and already the general opinion
seems to be that it is a better drought-resister than the French and
Chilian alfalfas. Many, however, are inclined to believe that it is no
better than the common alfalfa growing in their particular section.
Others again failed to get a stand. In many instances this has been
caused by experimenters not keeping the weeds down the first year.
Care uuist be given until the 3'oung plants get a good hold on the
ground.

It is not advisable to try to grow a crop of seed the first year, espe-
cially in sections of the country that suffer from severe drought and
where irrigation can not be carried on. The energies of the plant are
all required to produce a strong and deep root system. It will be
found that if the first year's growth is cut down just previous to the
long, dry, smnmer months, that the roots will grow much deeper down
into the soil, where, during the period of drought, they will be more
likely to find sufficient moisture.

In the grass garden of the Department of Agriculture, Washington,
D. C, the Turkestan alfalfa grew two feet high and very rank and
thrifty. Three crops were produced which were fully equal to the
native varieties from different States growing alongside of it. The
height, amount of growth, and quality of the hay of the Turkestan
alfalfa seem to be about the same as the French alfalfa.

Experiments have not been carried on for a sufficient number of
years to enable us to state its future in this country. The present
indications are that it will be of considerable value to the farmers in
the semiarid regions of the West where irrigation can not be carried on.

The following are a few of the reports that have been received
by this Division. The majority of experimenters do not care to come
to any conclusion until they have tested it for a longer period.

^A total of 1,111 packages of Turkestan alfalfa have been distributed by the
Department and 438 reports have been received from the experimenters. The
detailed results from the entire distribution will soon be published separately.

60

COLORADO.

Mr. Adolph Froelich, Aroya, Cheyenne County:

A sandy loam, broken last year, was plowed about six inches deep this spring.
The seed was sown broadcast May 9, 1899, when the ground was very dry, and
harrowed in. We had less than the usual amount of rain; in fact, the driest season
in eighteen years. The alfalfa began to bloom August 1, and I cut it with a scythe
and left it on the ground. It soon grew up again 18 inches high. I irrigated part
of it, first when sown and again the 8th of August. That irrigated made a fine
stand, but that not irrigated was a total failure, only 25 plants coming in a plat 150
by 10 feet. It held its own better after it came up than our common alfalfa would
have done; that is, where a good stand was first obtained by irrigation.

GEORGIA.

Mr. E. J. Hartman, Orr, Gilmer County:

The soil was well prepared and the seed sown broadcast about the end of May and
lightly harrowed. The alfalfa gave two good cuttings of excellent quality. It has
done wonderfully well on our soil. I have a fine stand now, and I hope to get fine
crops next year.

INDIANA.

Miss Kate A. Drake, Elkhart, Elkhart County:

A poor, sandy soil was plowed and dragged. The seed was sown in the fall of 1898
after a rain. It came up nicely and grew well. We had a very severe winter and
some of the alfalfa froze out, but a large part of it came on again in the spring. This
grew finely, some of it reaching 18 inches in height. The severe drought caused
it to dry up, but did not kill it, as part of it has come up this fall (1899) and looks
very fine. I would like to send you a report next summer, after I see if it dries up
again. I believe it would be adapted to our soil and be a valuable acquisition.

Mr. M. F. Eastman, North Vernon, Jennings County:

A clay loam was well prepared and the seed sown broadcast in March, 1899. The
plat, 10 l:)y 200 feet, has been cut three times this season, which has been a very dry
one. The yield was very heavy at each cutting, averaging at least 2 tons per acre.
I believe it to be a paying crop if a catch can be secured, but owing to its slow
growth it is hard to get a stand.

KANSAS.

Mr. A. Y. Bentley, Wallace, Wallace County:

A good sandy loam that had been in cultivation for several years was used. The
seed was sown May 12, 1898, and we had rain on the 13th and 14th. I mowed
the field when the alfalfa was about 7 inches high and left it on the ground. The
grasshoppers kept the plants eaten down to the crown. It came up again and is a
good stand now. I sowed several patches of lucern in the spring and the grasshoppers
took them all, just as they did the Turkestan, which is the only patch that survived.

Mr. Ben Brown, Natoma, Osborne County:

A rich, light, prairie soil was plowed and harrowed twice. One pound of seed was
sown on an acre al)out May 27, 1898. A good stand was up by June 3. The plants
grew well until checked by drought in July and August, but were not seriously injured.

61

Since the heavy rains of September 8 to H the alfalfa has grown from 8 to 10 inches
high and is green now. It looks promising for further crops. I have 80 acres of com-
mon alfalfa which I cut 4 times each season, getting from 4 to 6 tons to the acre. This
does not give a full crop until the third or fourth year. If the Turkestan alfalfa beats
this it will do well.

Mr. H. C. Hollo well, Barnes, Washington County:

A dry, black loam was plowed early and harrowed. The seed was sown broad-
cast about May 20, 1898, and harrowed in. The growth was short, but it stood the
dry weather well. I think it better than our common alfalfa.

Mr. C. H. Jackson, Kidderville, Hodgeman County:

The seed was sown May 12, 1898. The alfalfa grew about 6 inches high by the
first frost. The dry weather tested it severely, but it w^ould green up now if we had
a little rain. This is the only variety of alfalfa that seems to offer a chance for suc-
cessful cultivation in this part of the State.

Mr. Mads Olson, Mullinville, Kiowa County:

The soil was second sod, in good condition. The seed was drilled in the last day
of May, 1898. It came up as pretty as anything I ever saw, and was nicely in bloom
when the grasshoppers came and destroyed it.

Messrs. William B. Sutton & Sons, Russell, Russell County:

A new piece of black loam was broken and finely cut up with a disk. The seed
was sown broadcast about INIay 1. The season was very dry, but we obtained a fine
stand 8 inches high. It withstood the drought well and is growing quite nicely.
This has been a poor season to test it; even 4-year old alfalfa made only one small
cutting. There was no rain in Jmie, July, or August.

MONTANA.

Messrs. W. W. Gamble & Sons, Choteau, Teton County:

A gravelly loam on bench land was well plowed and harrowed. The seed was sown
broadcast May 19, 1898, with a hand seeder. No cultivation was given except irri-
gation. The alfalfa was in full bloom in July and ripened in August. The quality of
the product was good. This seems to be a better plant in its growth than the ordi-
nary alfalfa. The winter of 1898-99 seemed quite trying on alfalfa, with a tendency
to winterkill. In the spring of 1899 our ordinary alfalfa came up bunchy in appear-
ance, and although it recovered itself later in the season, the growth was irregular.
The Turkestan alfalfa, however, grew even and uniform throughout the season mider
precisely the same conditions. It is probably a better variety than the ordinary alfalfa
grown here.

Mr. W. H. Heideman, Kalispell, Flathead County:

The soil was very light, sandy, and open, varying to a black sandy loam. The land
was plowed thoroughly, harrowed, then rolled and harrowed again. The seed was
sown broadcast, then smoothed with a harrow and rolled again. The plants came up
May 18, and were in full bloom by July 28. The crop was cut with a mower along
with the weeds. So far as the experiment has gone it is very good. I think it has
done remarkably well for the first year. The weather has been very hot and dry,
with no rain since June, and the drought seemed to affect it but little. It was 14
mches high on July 28, 1898. The winter of 1898-99 was very severe, but none of
the alfalfa was winterkilled. The year 1899 was very dry in the fore part of the

62

season, but a great deal of rain has fallen since August 1. The plat of Turkestan
alfalfa still continues to do well. It was fed down by hogs till May 28, and then let
grow for seed. It made a great growth, but did not fill very well, the cold weather
probably having something to do with it. After cutting, it grew up again rapidly.
I think it is going to be more valuable than the common alfalfa. It seems to do well
on alkali spots. I would advise all to sow it as soon as they can secure seed.

Mr. Len. Lewis, Lewis, Meagher County:

Dry limestone bench land was used. A good strong growth was secured. It
seems to be hardier than the ordinary alfalfa. I think it is a valuable acquisition.

Mr. Emory Vine, Miles City, Custer County:

The Turkestan alfalfa wintered well, and is coming on this spring as if it meant
business. At the present time it has a decided advantage over our common French
alfalfa. It shows green several rods away, while our common alfalfa that was sown
last season has not started to green yet.

NEBRASKA.

Mr. J. A. Anderson, Harrison, Sioux County:

A sandy soil in good condition was thoroughly prepared and irrigated. The
seed was sown with oats May 15, 1898. The quality of the product was good, and
I think it will make a valuable forage plant in this section. It did better than the
common alfalfa.

Mr. J. W. Williams, Weeping Water, Cass County:

A fine black loam was plowed and harrowed. The seed was sown broadcast May
25, 1898. The plants made a very good growth and withstood our short drought very
well, and are doing fine now. This variety did much better than our common alfalfa
for the first year.

NEW MEXICO.

Mr. J. A. Gishwiller, Roswell, Chaves Countj'^:

A good clay loam was plowed three times and harrowed fine. The seed was sown
broadcast July 13, 1898, and covered with a harrow. I secured a good stand. The
growth was strong and vigorous and somewhat better than our common alfalfa
sown on adjoining land. It will take another season to compare it with other alfalfa.

OKLAHOMA.

Mr. C. L. Boyd, Redmoon, Roger Mills County:

A black, sandy bottom soil was broken early in February and rebroken at the
time of seeding and harrowed down fine. The seed was sown broadcast May 5,
1898, then harrowed and rolled. The quality of the Turkestan alfalfa was the finest
I ever saw. I sowed alongside of it a plat of the common alfalfa and there was a
marked difference between it and the Turkestan, the latter growing much ranker. I
think the Turkestan the most valuable variety of alfalfa.

Mr. W. A. Rowan, Gallienas, Beaver County:

A sandy soil was plowed, well pulverized, and jnit into fine condition. The seed
was sown broadcast May 9, 1898, and harrowed in. It was irrigated May 25, and
again June 20. I secured a good stand, but it does not mature sufficiently the first
year to make a good crop. It was sown by the side of some common alfalfa and
given the same care. The Turkestan variety seems to be the stronger and hardier.
The value of a good stand would be about ?30 per acre here.

63

OREGON.

Mr. W. A. Wintermeier, Silvies, Harney Count}":

A decayed lava and clay soil was used. The alfalfa came up very nicely and even.
When alwut 3 inches high a severe frost cut it down. It grew up again, however,
but was a second time cut down by frost, 1)ut still it grew to be 1 foot high. Appar-
ently it will not stand frost as well as the French alfalfa, l)ut seems to be better
adapted to dry soils. Another year will determine what it will do in this part of the
country.

SOUTH DAKOTA.

Mr. W. H. H. Phillips, Brookings, Brookings County:

A black loam with a clay subsoil was well harrowed and made fine. The seed was
sown l)roadcast about IMay 20, 1898. In March, 1899. it was covered with barnyard
manure. On JNIay 17, 1899, it froze somewhat, which gave the weeds a start. I
mowed it early in July. Since then it has made a good growth. The first year it
made but little growth, but now (October, 1899) it is very promising.

Hon. H. C. Warner, Forestburg, Sanborn County:

A black sandy loam was plowed deep in the spring and well prepared by harrow-
ing. The seed was sown broadcast April 24, 1898, and harrowed in. The stand
was perfect, and notwithstanding the drought and a cold, open winter, without
snow, the plants came through in perfect condition. The Turkestan alfalfa was not
cut this season, judging that it is better to let alfalfa become well established first.
Every root of common alfalfa growing by the side of it was killed.

TEXAS.

Mr. J. AV. Cartwright, Amarillo, Potter County:

The seed was sown the latter part of September, 1899. It came up nicely and now
looks fine, with 4 inches of snow on the ground. I am quite proud of this, and will
report later on.

Mr. Arnott West, Brownwood, Brown County:

A rich, deep, black, slightly ashy soil was used. The quality of the product was
good, and altogether, throughout the season, amounted to from 8 to 10 tons per
acre. This variety stands the dry weather splendidly in this part of the country if
it has a deep, well-drained soil. Alfalfa should be grown here exclusively. I am
feeding 200 steers on it and they are getting fat.

UTAH.

Mr. James Lofthouse, Paradise, Cache County:

The seed was sown broadcast May 28, 1898, on a clay loam. The plants ))loomed
July 25, but were destroyed by stock before ripening seed. This variety will stand
drought better than the kind of alfalfa commonly grown here. It grew 18 inches
high, and where it got enough moisture it outgrew the common alfalfa under similar
conditions.

Mr. Samuel Roskelley, Logan, Cache Count}^:

A dry sagebrush upland that had been cultivated in wheat for three years was
well plowed and harrowed. The seed was sown broadcast May 9, 1898, and har-
rowed in lightly. I consider this one of the best and most valuable fodders for dry

64

farms which are not irrigated in this western country. I have raised common
lucern for twenty years, but for drought resistance I think this is better. My expe-
rience is that seed should not be raised from the first year's growth as by cutting
before maturity it tends to send the roots down to find moisture.

OASIS ALFALFA (Medicago sativa) .

This is a variety of alfalfa the seed of which was obtained from the
director of agriculture aud commerce of Tunis. It promises to be of
considerable value in dry districts where irrigation can not be carried
on. In the grass garden of the Department at \Yashington, D. C,
this variet}' made a very fair growth last summer. It grew to be
about two feet high and was in full bloom about the middle of July,
but it produced very little seed. During the dry summer weather it
still remained green, while the other alfalfas, which represented seed
of 12 different varieties from different parts of the United States and
from other countries, were suffering from drought and their leaves
turning yellow. It can be distinguished from the other alfalfas by its
somewhat differently shaped leaves, which are larger and of a lighter
green color.

Our special agent at Abilene, Tex., Mr. H. L. Bentley, reports hav-
ing had excellent success with this variety during an unprecedented
season of drought. He secured an excellent stand, and the growth
was vigorous from the start, but the dry months of July, August, and
September caused the foliage to wither, and even the roots appeared
dead. A rainfall on October 26, however, quickly revived them, and
by November 15 a new growth of from 8 to 12 inches in height
appeared, and by December 1 it had attained a growth of from 12 to
20 inches, looking as in the spring. With a normal rainfall he is satis-
fied that this variety of alfalfa will do well in his section without
irrigation.

Twenty-four packages of the seed of oasis alfalfa were distributed
in the spring of 1899, but up to the present time only 6 reports have
been received. The following testimonies regarding it are not very
satisfactory, as they do not represent its power to endure cold weather.

Mr. W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Doylestown, Bucks County, Pa.:

A fine stand was secured and a growth of about 10 inches. Its leaves are more like
those of the common white Dutch clover, being much larger and of a light-green
color.

Mr. W. W. Gamble, Chotian, Teton County, Mont. :
This variety seemed to do very well the first year, but I can not determine its
value until next year. The seed was sown broadcast and the land irrigated.

Mr. E. E. T. Hazen, Holyoke, Phillips County, Colo. :

A well-prei)ared sandy loam that had been in cultivation for 4 years was used. The
seed was sown 1)roadcast about April 22. It germinated quickly and attained a
height of a]M)ut 4 inches, ]mt an epidemic of Russian thistle struck us and sapped
the moisture from the soil, and this, together with dry weather from August to
October, killed the oasis alfalfa.

Bui, 22, Div, of Agros-tology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture

Plate XI.

Fig. 1. -Velvet Bean in an Orange Grove near Earleton. Fla. Seed sown in

Drills 5 Feet Apart.

From photograph, August, 18!(S.

Fig. 2.— Sainfoin; Esparsette (Onobrych:s sativai

65

Hon. H. C. Warner, Forestburg, Sanborn County, S. Dak. :

The stand is perfect, but, as it is a perennial, its value can not be determined until
another year.

BUR CLOVER (Medicago maculata) .

An annual legume introduced from the Old World and now exten-
sively grown in the Eastern and Southern States, and west to Texas
and California. Its principal value is for winter and early spring
pastures, and when once stock have acquired a taste for the burs which
it produces the}'^ soon fatten on them. It is worthless for summer
use and of little value for hay. The seed should be sown in October
on rich, loamy soil and the plants will make good grazing by February
or March. It matures in April and Ma}^, after which the ground may
be plowed and cultivated in other crops during the summer. In the
South it has been found very valuable to use in conjunction with
Bermuda grass, as it matures its seed and dies at about the time the
Bermuda grass starts into growth. Twenty-nine packages of bur
clover seed were distributed during the fiscal year 1898-99, but so
far only seven reports have been received. These show three failures,
two unsatisfactory results, and two report it valuable as a forage crop.
The following reports indicate to some extent the results obtained.

Mr. Alex. Raff, Orange Grove, Jackson County, Miss. :

A rich, sandy loam was used. The seed was sown broadcast about the end of
April and covered 2 inches deep. Soon after it came up an extraordinary dry spell
set in, and the clover gradually perished. I planted only one-half of the seed sent
me, and will try again this winter with what is left. I believe the bur clover to be
valuable for this climate, Ijut think it should be planted in the fall or winter, as
the summer sun is too much for the young plants.

Mr, E, M. Redwine, Newman, Coweta County, Ga. :

The seed was sown broadcast on well-prepared soil October 3, 1899, and harrowed
in. It IS now (December, 1899) up well and looks very promising.

A very similar and closely related plant, known as the California
bur clover {2Iedicago denticulata)^ is proving to be very valuable in
some parts of California. Although not so nutritious and palatable
as either alfalfa or clover, it produces fine summer pasturage when
other more important forage plants have become dried up by the
summer heat. As the burs which it produces are prickl}-, they become
entangled in the wool of sheep and thus decrease its value to a consid-
erable extent.

VELVET BEAN (Mucuna utilis).»

(Plate XI, fig. 1.)

The velvet bean is a native of India and has been known in the West
Indies and the tropics of South America as an ornamental garden

^ For full discussions on "Velvet Bean" see Bulletin Xo. 104, Alabama Experiment
Station, and Circular No. 14, Division of Agrostology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
15799— No. 22 5

m

plant for a great many years. It i.s believed to have been tir.st intro-
duced into this country by the Department of Agriculture for this
purpose twenty-five or thirty years ago. It is an excellent plant for
quickly covering unsightly objects or arbors. The Florida Experi-
ment Station published an article on the velvet bean in a bulletin
issued in 1895, with the suggestion that it might be a useful forage
plant. Since then it has attracted considerable attention in the
Southern States, where it has come into extensive use and is highly
valued, especially as a fertilizer in orange groves.

The velvet bean is a trailing or climbing annual legume, with leaves
resembling those of the cowpea and clusters of purple flowers at inter-
vals of 2 or 3 feet along the stem. Later these form clusters of short,
cylindrical pods, covered with a black velvety down which has given the
plant the name of velvet bean. Each pod contains from 3 to 6 large,
rounded, brown and white mottled seeds. It is an excellent soil reno-
vator, having exceedingly large coral-like clusters of tubercles as large
as a hen's egg. This mass contains about 6 per cent of pure nitrogen.
The vines attain great lengths, sometimes growing from 30 to 50 feet
in favorable localities. These may be cut for hay, which is greatl}^
relished by all kinds of stock, or turned under as a green manure for
the improvement of the soil.

Being a native of the Tropics, it matures seed onl}" in Florida and
the lower half of the States immediateh^ along the Gulf coast.
Wherever it ripens seed it is considered to be equal or superior to
cowpeas, but where seed must each 3^ear be purchased it is not as
valuable as that crop. In Florida the seed is sown in drills -i feet
apart, dropping from 2 to 4 seeds in hills 3 feet apart in the row.
Planted in this way it will produce a mass of vines and foliage to the
depth of 15 to 20 inches, covering the entire surface of the ground.
From 20 to 30 bushels of shelled beans per acre is an average crop. It
will completely destroy Bermuda grass, nut grass, and other trouble-
some weeds, and may perhaps check the Johnson grass.

During the years 1898 and 1899 thirty-four packages of the seed
of velvet bean were distributed by this division. This distribution
included experimenters in 8 different States, Ver^^ favorable reports
have been received from Louisiana, North Carolina, Texas, and Vir-
ginia. Nineteen reports have been received, 3 recording failures, 2
unsatisfactory', 8 good, and 6 excellent.

The following reports from experimenters in different States will
indicate something as to its value as a forage plant.

ALABAMA.

]SIr. A. W. Orr. Deer Park, Washington County:

The ground was plowed and harrowed and the seed .sown IMay 15, 1S9S, }>y drop-
ping the seed into holes 2 by 6 feet apart niadL- with a hot'. The velvet bean was in

67

full bloom by October 10, and produced about 3 or 4 tons per acre of good forage.
My stock will not eat it, but my neighbor planted some seed I gave him, and his
sheep are crazy for it and eat vines and all.

Mr. T. A. Foster, Bruggs, Lowndes Count}^ :

The seed was sown in sandy soil, between rows of peach trees, April 15, 1899. I
opened the beds as for cotton, and dropped 3 beans in hills 3 feet apart and covered
wit 1 a ])()ard. The crop was hoed once and a sweep run through twice. It was in
full bloom by August 10. Only about one-third of the crop matured, on account of
frost. The beans that did mature were very good. If it would mature seed and its
fertilizing properties were as good as cowpeas it would 1)e very valual)le, as the yield
of vines is about four times that of peas on poor land. I shall give it further trial.

FLORIDA.

Mr. B. L. Hickman, Churchill, Marion County :

A thin, sandy upland soil which was full of weeds and trash was used. The seed
was sown June 1 and July 15, 1899, by dropping 2 or 3 beans 18 inches apart in
every fifth or sixth furrow. Having planted velvet beans two years l)efore, this sea-
son I did not keep the Department seed separate, but planted it with seed saved
from last year's crop. As I had an abundance of other forage, I did not cut any for
hay, but left the vines on the land to improve it. The yield per acre is immense. I
had about 40 bushels of seed from about an acre. Horses, cattle, and hogs eat the
beans when soft. I am now feeding some hogs in pens on dry beans fi'om last year's
picking, and they eat them greedily and improve rapidly. I planted some seed this
year which was 2 years old and found that it germinated equally as well as that saved
from last year. A great many of the beans left in the field last year were frozen in the
the winter, perhaps half. The balance sprouted and in many places made a good
broadcast stand.

GEORGIA.

Mr. C. M. Booth, Monroe, Walton County:

A rich dark -red soil was prepared the same as for cotton. The velvet bean yields
a luxuriant crop of vines, but frost came too early and caught the young beans before
they were ripe. I think farther South the bean might do well, but here on parallel
34° the season is rather short.

Mr. R. P. Johnson, Plains, Sumter County:

The seed was sown in drills about the middle of April and covered with a small
double coverer. They should have been planted earlier, as the frost got them before
the seeds matured. The quality of the product is excellent and I think it would
make hay equal to the peavine and be equally as good a renovator. This patch was
followed with oats, and they were the finest and rankest oats in the field. The
velvet bean is gaining favor in Florida and southern Georgia, and is fast coming to
the front in this section.

LOUISIANA.

]VIr. Irving- E. Baker, Bastrop, Morehouse County:

A well-fertilized garden soil was plowed and harrowed and the seed sown about
April 20, 1898. About July 1 it began to grow, and covered nearly all the fences,
outhouse, and several trees by September 1. I have not harvested yet as I am wait-
ing for the pods to dry. None, however, were fully ripe when frost came on Sep-
teudier 15. It makes a tremendous growth of vines, running 40 feet. Horses seem
to like it ])etter than anvthing else.

68

MISSISSIPPI.

Mr. A. S. Herrington, DoUie, Jones County:

A sandy, pine-ridge soil in good condition was prepared as for cowpeas. The
seed was planted Jnne 23, 1899. Our test was to compare the bean with the cow-
pea. We planted some of each the same day, the bean occupying the land probably
twice as long as the cowpea and making a third more growth. We deem it, however,
inferior to the cowpea.

NORTH CAROLINA.

Dr. William Paul Moore, Jackson, Northampton County:

As to velvet bean, I am an advocate of it. I read a short article from Mr. Wilson,
of Orlando, Fla., and was so impressed that I wrote him as to price of seed. I read
his answer to several gentlemen, and we ordered a barrel. The weather was such
that mine did not mature, but the foliage was immense. Capt. R. B. Peebles did not
plant his until this year, and he is so much pleased that he will plant 10 acres next
year. His vines now are about 4 feet deep and a mass of foliage. Everything eats it,
as Wilson says. Cattle will leave other feed to devour it. Mr. John Moore, of this
place, who ordered when 1 did, but did not plant until this year, secured a large
growth. I gave some of the seed to different people for arbors and shade trellising,
and to my surprise many of the seeds matured, so that they have again a pretty mass
of vines at their doors. I had as many as 35 pods on one stem last year.

TEXAS.

Mr. Alex. McKee Robinson, Ada. Montgomery County:

I planted the bean April 1, 1898, with corn, using about 1 peck of the beans to the
acre and about the same amount of corn as is usually used in a cornfield. I planted
on poor, sandy hammock land, used no fertilizer, and plowed only once in two weeks
after plants had come up. I was then so busy with my tobacco crops that I neg-
lected the beans entirely — in fact, I gave the beans up to the weeds, but as I had
planted in with corn, the vines wrapped around the stalks, and outgrew the weeds
and everything else and made such a mass of vegetation that it wa.s impossible to ride
through on a horse. I can give you no idea of the number of Imshels per acre the
vines yielded, for I did not have any of the seed gathered until after the 15th of last
December, and then only some 50 or 60 bushels, on account of not being able to spare
the hands to do the work.

This season, however, I am giving the beans all the attention they need and am
cultivating them in just the same manner as we cultivate corn. I am informed that
the vines make fine forage and fertilizer, but have had no experience with them as
such, as I raise the beans for the market and had no trouble in disposing of those I
had gathered at §3 per bushel. I believe that the bean will do better this year than
last on account of its having had one year's growth in this section. Last spring I
planted a few beans by the side of the chimney at my home and fertilized a little
with cotton seed meal. The vines are now about 30 feet uj-) the side of the chimney
and are still growing very rapidly.

VIRGINIA.

Mr. C. H. Constable, Warsaw, Richmond County:

The velvet bean made a tremendous growth and had a very pretty bloom, making
a handsome vine for the garden. It made a nice load of hav from the seed sent.

69

When cutting it I found one plant well advanced in seed and covered it with jiine
brush; the beans are well tilled Imt not quite dry vet. I will let you know next
year if they germinate, and if they do we may be able to raise them in Virginia.

Mr. J. M. Hughes, Claremont, Surrey County:

A good clay loam was plowed in March and well prepared. The seed was sown
May 15 in rows 3^ feet apart and 8 inches in the rows. By October 27 there were
many full-sized pods but none ripened. As the frost ripened the vines I cut them
for feed. From the seed received I planted about 10 square rods and had about all
two good horses could draw (green) . As to its value for forage, I think if the seed
were planted in hills with corn to hold up the vines there would be few plants that
would equal it, and had I planted them earlier I think some would have ripened.

SAINFOIN, ESPARCETTE, (Onobrychis sativa).
(Plate XI, tig. 2.)

A deep-rooting, perennial legume, 1 to 2 feet high, with round,
striated stems and compound leaves. The leaflets are arranged in from
8 to 10 or more pairs with an odd terminal one. It is a native of the
limestone districts of central, southern, and temperate Asia, and was
introduced into England from France several hundred years ao-o, where
it has been extensively cultivated on hilly, calcareous soils too barren
for the growth of clover and alfalfa. In many parts of Switzerland
where the tiner grasses will not grow it is the main dependence for
forage. Parkinson, as early as 1640, says that it is "generally known
to be a singular food for cattle, causing them to give a store of milk."

The Hon. William H. Crawford, of Georgia, is said to be the first to
introduce ^sainfoin into the Southern States about the year 1820.
Strange to say, it is but little known throughout the country at the
present time. This is chiefly due to the fact that it is very diflicult to
establish. The plants are very tender when young and easily killed.
In order to insure success, the soil must be thoroughly drained and
friable and the seed sown broadcast on the surface and thorouo-hly
rolled. The crop should not be pastured or cut the first season, but
when once well rooted it will endure pasturing and cutting for a long
term of years. When made into hay it should be cut as soon as the
first flowers appear. The quality of the hay will then be more nutri-
tious and palatable, the second crop of foliage more abundant, and its
duration prolonged. It is a strong food and good for working horses.
Cattle are also fond of it when cut green, and sheep are said to highly
relish it. Our special agent at Abilene, Texas, reports that although
he did not sow it until May, he secured plants 12 to 18 mches tall,
which stood the dry weather better than the vetches, clovers, or alfalfas,
and quite as well as sulla. He thinks that there is no better forase
plant for barren hills or hillsides. Twelve packages of the seed of
sainfoin have been distributed and 5 reports received.

Mr. F. A. English, Farmington, Whitman County, Wash., reports:

The seed was sow^n by hand May 1, 1899, on well-prepared l)lack loam, summer
followed. Only one-third of a stand was secured, but it is now (November 1) in

70

fair condition for winter. From my former trial in 1896, I should judge that sainfoin
may prove to be a valuable forage plant for this country. The plant.s are vigorous
and it has done well on a small scale.

Mr. Jas. K. Metcalfe, Silver City, Grant County, N. Mex. :

The seed was sown l^roadcast in ]May and in August on rich gravelly soil and cov-
ered with a heavy garden rake. It produced about half a ton to the acre, and grows
about like alfalfa if well irrigated. Nothing will eat it until it is hard frozen. I
think it would make a good late winter pasture, as horses, cattle, and sheep eat it to
the ground in winter, but in summer time they simply walk through it and only
smell of it.

METCALFE BEAN (Phaseolus retusus) .

(Plate VI, fig. 2.)

A prostrate, often trailing, leg-ume. with a very large taproot, com-
pound leaves, and purplish flowers. It is found growing wild along
the mountain streams of western Texas and New Mexico, The root
is considered among the natives as one of the best blood purifiers.
Mr. James K. Metcalfe, of Silver City, N. Mex., was the first to
introduce this plant into cultivation a few years ago. He secured a
few seeds, from the mountains in New Mexico and planted them in his
garden. In 1897 the Department received 5 seeds from him and later
50 more. Such excellent success crowned his efforts that he offered to
let the Department have 20 pounds of seed. This was secured from
him at the rate of ^5 per pound. Twenty-two packages of the
Metcalfe bean have been distributed to the following States and
countries:

Arizona, Florida, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oregon, Pennsylvania,
Texas, Utah, Washington, Cape Colony, Tunis, Madeira Islands.

Our special agent in charge of grass and forage plant investiga-
tions at Abilene, Tex., reports as follows:

It is a prodigious grower of vines, but there were no indications of flowers or
seed pods. I am afraid the season here may not prove long enough for the produc-
tion of flowers or seed. Some of the vines by July 1 grew to be from 8 to 12 feet
long. Then the hot and dry winds began and continued for many weeks. Up to
August 1 the vines held their own fairly well, then they gave way rapidly and by
September 1 even the roots w^ere dead. I shall try the Metcalfe bean again, however,
another season and am confident good results will follow with a normal season.
At all events, with my present experience, I commend it highly for soiling and
hay purposes.

Our special agent in the State of Washington also reports having
succeeded in producing an abundance of vines b}^ the use of irriga-
tion, but the seed did not mature.

In the grass garden of the Department at Washington, D. C, the
Metcalfe bean germinated, but made a verj^ slow and feeble growth.
Some fews pods were produced, but these, together with the leaves,
turned yellow Avith the approach of slight frost in October and
dropped off.

71

Mr. ]\Ietc'alfe recommends the followiug method of harvesting- the

bean:

Take a sharp hoe, chp them at each hill and let them dry for one or two days.
Then rake with horse rake and put into small cocks. When dry, haul and stack. If
wanted for hay, cut when about half the pods have turned yellow.

The following letters from Mr. Metcalfe and the testimonials from
other experimenters will indicate its value as a forage plant:

Jaxuary 23, 1898.
I send you in this letter 50 IMetcalfe beans. I am satisfied it is our coming forage
plant. Few plants here are more relished by stock; even deer climb the cliffs for
it. Be sure and plant the bean in rich deep-tilled land, about as you would for
watermelons.

Yours, truly, James K. Metcalfe.

November 10, 1898.
I have only 30 pounds of beans (Phmeolns retasus) . I had bad luck with them.
We had 8 inches of hail in June, which cut off every leaf and tender ends of the
vines. The \ines had to make a new growth. Those from beans planted on the
loth of ]May were a sight to look at. They were simply shingled with bean pods, but
the frost killed them all and left the green pods lying on the ground side by side,
like myriads of small fishes. If they had only ripened, I believe I would have had
over a ton of beans. The 30 pounds which I secured were nearly all from 60 2-
year-old vines. If the hail had not hit them, I believe they would have produced
nearly 100 pounds of seed. Next year, without hail or frost, I will have several tons.
It is a sure producer and an excellent feed. Five or six hundred plants to the acre
the second year will mat the ground with vines and beans. Cattle and sheep will
quit any kind of feed for it. They even lick up the leaves. Hogs eat it ravenously.
It must be a rich food. Some of my vines measured 13i feet long. When we con-
sider that so few beans w-ill cover an acre of ground, and make such a yield of fodder
and beans, we must believe that it is something wonderful.
Yours, truly,

James K. ^Ietcalfe.

Mr. J. S. Argobrite, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, Cal. :

A rich, sandy loam was plowed and harrowed and irrigated 4 times, using as much
water as would grow a good crop of melons. The seed was sown May 2 in itjws
4 feet apart and 2 feet in the row. The crop was cultivated once w'hen the plants
were 1 foot high. It was not harvested, but pastured to stock, as it was impossible to
use a machine, owing to its prostrate growth. It was in full bloom July 25, but it did
not ripen seed. The estimated yield of vines was about 4 tons per acre. The aver-
age growth was about 5 feet long. It is not a true climber, but runs over the ground
like a melon, and is of no more value than the ordinary pole bean. Another small
plot was sown on sandy soil and not irrigated. To date (November 1) it has made
a growth of 1 foot and is still green and growing with many blossoms, but no seed.

W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Doylestown, Bucks County, Pa.:

A heavy clay loam was plowed and harrowed. The seed was sown May 3 and
planted to poles set 4 by 4 feet apart. A horse cultivator was used. By Sejitember
8 the plants had a running growth, with rather thick, smooth, light-green leaves. It
is only now starting to run freely and showing flower buds, but no pods have set.

Mr. B. Fritz, Blue Springs, Gage County, Nebr. :

The seed was sown on a well-prepared loamy soil May 15, 1899, in rows 8 feet
apart with hills 4 to 6 feet apart iu the rows, 1 seed in each hill. It was cultivated

72

with a small garden rake and a hoe. The date of full bloom was from the 10th to
the loth of September, but it did not ripen on account of frost about Septemter 25.
The vines were set full of pods and spread over the ground from 6 to 8 feet in every
direction. Cattle and horses will eat them and seem to relish them.

Prof. A. J. McClatchie, Experiment Station, Phoenix, Ariz. :

A gravelly loam was used which had been thoroughly ploughed and harrowed.
The seed was sown April 12, 1899, in hills 3 by 3 feet, and cultivated until the
runners prevented. It blooms in August. As the Metcalte bean is a perennial, it
is too early to give results and estimates of value. The tops died down during
September.

Mr. J. A. Mickelson, Elcampo. Wharton County, Tex. :

The seed was sown March 25, 1899, on well-prepared partly black sandy soil. Fur-
rows were made with a garden hoe and the seed covered about 1 inch deep. It seems
as if every seed germinated. I cultivated once by running a sweep between the beds,
which were 4 feet apart. The bean grew well and had long vines, but unfortunately
the Brazos flood of June and Jul}' affected us here in this community, though only
by heavy rains, which scalded the majority of crops here and killed the Metcalfe
bean. I am under the impression, however, that the bean would prove valuable
here.

CRIMSON CLOVER (Trifolium incarnatum) . ^

An erect, tufted, rapid-growing, annual legume from 1 to 2 feet
high, with soft hairy leaves and usually bright scarlet flowers in elon-
gated heads. It is a native of the Mediterranean region, and although
it has been long cidtivated in the warmer portions of Europe it has
only recently come into prominence in this country. In the Middle
and South Atlantic States this clover is one of the best crops that can
be grown for forage and soil renovation. The general results of investi-
gations carried on in the North and Northwest show that it is too tender
for that climate and is less valuable than red clover. It is an excellent
crop for use as hay, soiling, pasturage, silage, green manure, and as
a cover crop. The hay when well cured is superior to red clover, has
a somewhat higher percentage of digestibility, and is relished by all
kinds of stock. On dairy farms it is especially valuable for soiling
purposes, as it is read}^ for use some time before red clover, and at a
time when there are few other crops at hand. In the early spring it
makes excellent pasturage either alone or in conjunction with winter
rye or rape. The quality of ensilage which it produces is better than
that from most other leguminous plants and is highly valued for feeding
to dairy stock. When used as a green manure, it exerts a most bene-
ficial eflect on the condition of the soil, adding nuich humus and nitrogen,
as well as other valual)le elements of plant food. As a cover crop it
can hardly be surpassed. When sown after the last cultivation, it will
serve to prevent the soil from leaching out or washing badly, to con-
serve the moisture during the long periods of dry weather, to reduce

'For full discussion of Crimson Clover see Circular No. 17, Division of Agrostology,
and Circular No. 18, Division of Botany, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

73

the amount of labor necessary to keep weeds in check, and to supply
the soil with an abundance of nitrogen.

Forty-three packages of crimson clover seed have been distributed
for trial, but most of it in the spring of 1899, so that the number of
reports are few.

Twelve experimenters have reported, and out of these there were
7 failures, 3 unsatisfactory, and only 2 good reports.

Mr. P. S. Early, Mockville, Davie County, N. C. :

The seed was sown October 1, 1897, on rich red clay soil, which had been thor-
oughly prepared by deep plowing and harrowing. It was cut about April 25, 1898,
and yielded splendidly at about 2 tons to the acre. The quality of the forage is good,
and for an early green crop the very thing for this section.

Mr. George Williams, Potomac, Prince Williams County, Va. :
I planted the crimson clover September 20, 1899, with a garden hoe, and made the
ground in fine condition. It is now (December, 1899) lookuag well and promising.

AliSIKE CLOVER (Trifolium hybridum) .

A common, perennial legume, 1 to 3 feet high, with branching leafy
stems bearing white or rose-colored flower-heads. It is especially
adapted for cultivation in wet meadows or marshy lands, and will not
withstand severe drought. The leaves are slightlv bitter, and on this
account the forage is not so well liked by stock as that of red or white
clover. As it can endure very low degrees of temperature, it can be
cultivated in the far North and in high altitudes very successfully.
Twenty-three trial packages of the seed of alsike clover have been dis-
tributed from this division since 1896. but only live experimenters have
reported the results obtained, and of these only three were favorable.

Mr. W. H. Heideman, Kalispell, Flathead County, Mont., says:
A rather moist, rich, sandy loam was used, which was plowed and harrowed twice.
The seed was sown without a nurse crop ]May 4, 1898, then smoothed with a lever
harrow and rolled. As the season was cold and rainy, it did not mature seeds, but
the quality of the fodder was good. None of it was killed out during the severe
winter weather, and it is now pretty well demonstrated that clover can be made a
paying crop here when grown for forage, but questionable as to the production of
seed. It grew very heavy, but not very tall. The yield would be at least one and
one-half tons to the acre.

RUSSIAN RED CLOVER i Trifolium pratense var. pallida).

A large quantity of the seed of this variety was obtained for the
Department through Prof. N. E. Hansen in 1898 from the experiment
station at Valnjka, province of Samara, Russia. During the years 1898
and 1899, 341: 3-pound packages were distributed by this Division
through the Section of Seed and Plant Introduction. This distribution
includes experimenters in 37 different States, and 152 experimenters
have reported the results of their trials. Very favorable reports have
been received from Illinois, Indiana. Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota,

74

Montana, Nebraska, New York, Oregon, and Wyoming, but longer
experimentation is necessary before we shall be able to say whether it
is of any more value to the country than the common red clover. The
following are a few of the reports from experimenters who have already
found that it is hardier and more drought resistant than the connnon
red clover:

ILLINOIS.

Mr. A. B. Cundiff, Blairsville, Williams County:

A clay loam was plowed the latter part of March, 1898, and seeded to oats. The
clover seed was sown on the oat ground about April 20, 1898, and harrowed one way.
The clover came up nicely and made a rapid growth and at the present time is mak-
ing a good pasture. I regard it as a \aluable addition to our varieties of clover, both
for pasture and hay.

INDIANA.

Mr. Henry. Wehry, North Vernon, Jennings County:

A clay loam in medium condition was plowed in the fall of 1897 and left in the
rough furrow. The ground was harrowed twice in the spring with a tooth har-
row and the seed sown March 9, 1898, then harrowed again with a spike harrow.
This variety grew about the same as ordinary red clover, being about 8 inches high.
AN'ith the exception that it may be a little hardier and more drought -resisting I can
see no difference betM^een it and the common red clover grown in this country.

-KANSAS.

Mr. John B. Harman, Valley Falls, Jefferson County:

A clay loam on a northeast slope was pulverized 3 to 4 inches deep, then plowed,
harrowed, and rolled. The seed was sown June 4, 1898, with a cyclone seeder, then
harro\\ed in, rolled, and brushed lightly. It came up in al)Out four days, but V>arely
lived through the dry months of July and August. It looks green now (October 24) ,
and is as high as the stubble. I think it is better than our common clover, but the
weather was so cold and wet that the ground did not get into condition to sow the
seed in time to give the clover a fair show.

MONTANA.

Messrs. William W. Gamble & Sons, Choteau, Teton County:

A gravelly loam on bench land was plowed and harrowed well. The seed was
eown broadcast with a hand seeder May 19, 1898. The clover wintered all right and
was in full ])loom by July and ripe in August. The quality of the product is good.
It grows well and yields heavily with us. I think it is of considerable value.

Mr. A. H. Geyer, Victor, Ravalli County:

A sandy loam with a clay subsoil was used. It was well drained, mellow, and in
fine condition. The seed was sown aV)out the middle of April. The crop was irri-
gated through June and July. It had fully matured ))y the beginning of August.
The yield per acre was from 1 to 2 tons, according to the condition of the soil. The
product is of fair quality, about 2 feet high and somewhat course. The leaves are
small and pointed and similar to alfalfa. It is a fair forage plant.

Mr. W. H. Heidemiui. Kalispell, Flathead County:

A mcdiuui, rich, sandy loam was jilowed and harrowed twice before seeding.
The seed was sown broadcast May 4 without a nurse cmp ami covered by rolling

Bui. 22, Div. of '.grostology, U. S. Dept. of Agrrcuiture.

Plate XII.

Fig. 1.— Hairy Vetch, Grass Garden, Washington, D. G.

Fig. 2.— Australian Saltbush in Grass Garden, Washington, D. C.

75

the ground. This clover stood the severe winter of 1898-99 and came out in fine
condition, nialving a fine crop. The estimated yield was about 2i tons to the acre.
The quality of the product was good. I am still more convinced that we will suc-
ceed in growing clovers in this section. This clover makes a very strong growth
and seems to stand the drought well and is perfectly hardy. It is looking green and
healthy at this time (November 18, 1899) , but I can not yet say whether it will pro-
duce seed here.

Mr. C. H. Williaiiw, Deer Lodge, Deer Lodge County:
A sandy loam with a clay subsoil was plowed and harrowed. The seed was sown
broadcast May 15, 1898, and covered lightly with a harrow. The crop was irri-
gated, and came into full bloom about August 15, 1899. The yield per acre would be
about 1^ tons of first-class hay. It grows rapidly and will be of great value as winter
feed for sheep or cattle.

Mr. C. C. Willis, Plains, Missoula County:

A sandy soil with a clay subsoil on bench land was used. Bunch-grass land that
had been grown to weeds four or five years was plowed up and prepared for the clover.
The seed was sown broadcast with oats May 24, 1898, and thoroughly harrowed in
and rolled. It came up in a short time. We had a very good season, with plenty of
showers in June, and the clover was in bloom l)y July 15. The yield per acre was
from 2 to 2i tons. The quality of the product was good and stock ate it well. It is a
vigorous grower and I think it will be a good forage plant, as dry weather seems
to affect it very little.

SOUTH DAKOTA.

Hon. H. C. Warner, Forestburg, Sanborn County:
A black, sandy loam w^as plow^ed deep and harrow^ed. The seed was sown Im )ad-
cast April 24, 1898, and covered with a brush harrow. The stand was perfect, l>ut a
cold dry fall and cold open winter killed 50 per cent of it. The remaining plants,
however, made a good growth this season until July, when they were attacked by
grasshoppers which ate the foliage and blossoms as fast as the}- appeared. It is 5 per
cent hardier than the common red clover growing by its side.

HAIRY VETCH ( Vicia villosa. ) '■
(Plate XII, tig. 1.)

A leafy, annual, trailing, leguminous plant, which has been culti-
vated in Europe for over fifty years, especially in Southern Russia,
Germany, and France. It was first introduced into this country in 1847,
but its cultivation was neglected. About twelve years ago it was rein-
troduced by this Department, and since then it has been widely dis-
tributed and successfully tried in various parts of the United States.
The results of experiments with it on the trial grounds of the Depart-
ment at Washington, D. C, prove that it is quite hardy and continues
to grow all winter during periods of open weather. At the Mississippi
Agricultural Experiment Station the hairy vetch has given heavy
annual crops on the same ground since 1888 without receiving any

iFor full discussion of Hairy Vetch, see Circular No. 6, Division of Agrostology,
Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, and Bull. No. 105, Alabama Experiment
Station.

76

special care, the plants self-sowing- the plat each season. It will grow
readil}' on poor sandy soils, but is most profitable as a forage plant on
rich and well-prepared land. Poor lands can be supplied with the
necessary plant food for the growth of other crops b}- growing hairy-
vetch for several years. It forms a mulch on the land all summer by
its matted growth, kills the weeds, and mellows the soil as much as any
hoed crop, without the labor required for the latter.

Hairy vetch may be sown any time in the spring in the North, North-
west, and East, but for the South and Southwest it has been found
more successful to sow in the fall, some time in September or October.
It should be sown broadcast or with a grain drill at the rate of 1 to 11
bushels to the acre. The seed is yet quite expensive, which, to some
extent, prevents it from occupying a prominent place in American
agriculture. However, a number of our correspondents are reporting
the successful raising of seed, and it seems quite probable that this
country will soon be producing sufficient seed for its own use.

Hairy vetch is eaten with relish by all kinds of stock. It is valuable
for soiling, ensilage, green manure, cover crop, and for hay, although
for the last-named purpose it is diflicult to cure on account of its dense
habit of growth.

Excellent reports have been received in regard to its drought-
resisting qualities and its adaptability to our climate from Colorado,
Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan,
Minnesota, Nebraska, Montana, New Mexico, North Carolina, Penn-
sylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Wisconsin, District of
Columbia, and Mississippi. The seed was distributed to experimenters
in 40 difi'erent States, and reports have been received from 27 States.
Thirty-four packages of the seed of hairy vetch were distributed dur-
ing the fiscal year 1896-1897 ; 332 packages during 1897-98, and 98
packages during 1898-99, making a total of 161 packages since 1896.

The request to the experimenters for a report as to their success or
failure was complied with by 206 farmers out of the 111 receiving
seed. Out of these, 86 resulted in failures, 43 were unsatisfactory,
and 76 reported having had good results, while 6 speak of it in the
very highest terms.

The following reports from the various States will indicate its great
value throughout the country. In many instances only the salient
points are extracted from the reports, leaving out the kind of soil and
method of sowing and cultivation adopted:

ARKANSAS.

Mr. J. B. Nixon, Charleston, Franklin County:

When sown by itself it is of a spreading nature, and to secure the best results
should be sown with wheat, or in the spring with oats, barley, or spring wheat. I
think it will ]>e an acquisition to the fora<ie plants here. It did not have a fair trial
last ..v-ason, owing to the excessive drought.

^ i

CALIFORNIA.

Mr. Andrew Boddy, Monrovia, Los Angeles County:

The vetch is good as a forage to cut green and feed to stock, and if irrigated can
be cut several times in a season. I had some experience with this plant in Canada
in 1868 and 1869, and it gave good satisfaction at that time.

Messrs. Guill Brothers, Chico, Butte County:

The growth was very rank, some of the vines being 7i feet long and full of pods.
I should think it would be tine for sheep and hog pasture. 1 shall try it along that
line another season.

Mr. P. H. ]\Iurphy, Perkins, Sacramento County:

Although all the other varieties failed to grow, this vetch made a good growth dur-
ing the summer months on all the different soils. I found it excellent for green feed
for hogs and cattle. If planted in January in our climate, it will make a good crop.
I consider it a good green soiling crop. It does best Avhen sown with barley or oats.

Mr. K. J. Provost, Grafton, Yolo County:

A rather heavy clay land near a river Imnk was used. The soil was plowed once
and put into good condition. The seed was sown INIarch 2, 1898, and then the land
was harrowed and cross harrowed. The vetch made a vigorous growth. After the
first cutting it grew again oyer 2 feet tall and formed a dense matted growth. From
the growth made and the relish with which cattle eat it, I believe it to be a valuable
adjunct to our crops.

GEORGIA.

Mr. E. J. Hartman, Orr, Gilmer County:

The hairy vetch made a feeble growth at the beginning, but came out well later
on, and is now showing satisfactorily.

Mr. T. A. Stafford, The Rock, Upson County:

The yield per acre and quality of the product were very good. I think it might
be worth quite as mucli as any good hay. The chickens and pigeons got most of
the seed.

IDAHO.

Mr. Ellis M. Cameron, Postfalls, Kootenai County:

A gravelly loam was used, which had been plowed, harrowed, leveled, and rolled.
The seed was sown with a press drill about the middle of April, the first of May, and
the middle of May. It was then brushed and rolled as the plants showed above
ground. The yield per acre was about 2 tons, and the quality of the product excel-
lent. I believe it will make an excellent plant for soiling, for a green manure, and
probably would make good ensilage. It is a very valuable plant for the dairymen
of this country, and as a catch crop for late pasture.

ILLINOIS.

Mr. A. R. Downy, Rapids City, Rock Island County:

The seed started well, but was severely tested by the cold winter of 1898-99, which,
by the way, was the coldest known for years. The following season the growth was
fine, and I believe the vetch will prove valuable.

78

INDIANA.

Miss Kate A. Drake, Elkhart, Elkhart County :

It must be a valuable plant for our section, as it defies drought and cold, and
cattle, horses, hogs, and hens are very fond of it.

Mr. Henry Wehr3% North Vernon, Jennings County:

A clay loam of medium quality was used; it had been plowed 8 inches deep,
heavily manured, and pulverized with a spike-tooth harrow. The seed was sown
with a wheat drill at the rate of 44 quarts per acre May 21. The vines were cut
October 15, when they were still in full bloom. No pods had formed, and the
blossoms all wilted and fell off. I think it would have yielded about 2 tons of dry
hay per acre. Some of the vines were 10 feet long, and it was the hardest stuff I
ever undertook to cut. The forage is of good quality and liked by all kinds of stock.
It would make a fine crop to turn luider. The greatest drawback is the expense of
the seed.

IOWA.

Mr. E. L. Haj^den, Oakville, Louisa County:

The seed did not germinate well, and the plants grew slowly until the 10th of July.
After that date they grew very fast until the time of cutting. The second growth is
now (October 17) about 6 feet and in full bloom, with some of the pods ripe at the
same time. I have been pasturing it with calves. If the seed was not to(j costly, it
would probably pay to sow it with spring grain for fall pasture or alone for green
manuring.

KANSAS.

Mr. J. R. Norton, Morantown, Allen County:

The yield was heavy, but I did not gather it. Rabbits and sheep gnawed it all
winter. It came up itself this spring and made a lusty growth. I think it is a
valuable plant to have around. Perhaps it would make good hay.

Mr. Georo-e James, Concordia, Cloud Count}-:

It made a good growth, but the dry weather came when it was in full l>loom. I
wanted the seed, so I let it go to ripen, but it did not last long when the hot winds
struck it. I did not get any seed.

mNNESOTA.

Mr. S. M. Warman, Sandstone, Pine Count}-:

The seed was sown broadcast May 19, 1898, on well-prepared new land. It grew
well, and is perfectly green still (October 15) , with many ripened pods with seed in
them, equal in size to the seed sent. Without doubt it will be a very valuable crop
to stock raisers and dairymen. I shall not be without it in future. The vines grew
15 feet long.

MONTANA.

Mr. E. Beach, Augusta, Lewis and Clarke County:

A dry, gravelly bench land was used that had been in cultivation for several years.
The soil was plowed and harrowed, and the seed sown broadcast June 5 and har-
rowed in. It was in full bloom August 20, and was cut for hay. It is an excellent
and very nutritious feed. The yield of hay is about 1 t( m per acre. It also has excel-

79

lent pasture growth, but as it is an annual plant, it is not desirable for that purpose
in this country. On account of its growing on the ground like a vine it is not easy
to harvest.

Mr. C. C. Willis. Plains, Missoula County:

The hairy vetch grows well here, and 1 believe it will thrive on our bench lands.
Stock keeps it grazed close to the ground.

Mr. Emory Vine, Miles City, Custer County :

The hairy vetch grew well and kept blooming and ripening seed at the same time
until cold weather. The yield per acre would probably be about 3 tons. Some say
nothing will eat it, but I know better. It is a good drought resister, and will be
better liked when better known. It is difficult to harvest, as it interlaces so, but it
makes a good pasture, particularly for hogs.

NEBRASKA.

Mr. E. P. Savage, Sargent, Custer Count}' :

The growth of the vine was heavy, but little seed was secured, as much of the
seed had fell out of the pod while the i^lant was still in bloom. Cattle and liorses
eat the straw readily. I believe it to be a good plant for soiling and for hay.

]VIr. Alfred Shirley, Weeping Water, Cass County :

This is an extraordinary forage plant. Hogs and all other kinds of stock eat it
readily and prefer it to anything else, lx)th when green and cured. I do not like to
use it for hay, as it is so dithcult to cure.

NEW MEXICO.

Mr. ,1 . G. Kello, Aztec, San Juan County :

The yield per acre would probably be about IJ tons. It is a first-class forage ;
cows and all other stock eat it eagerly. The experiment was made for the purpose
of getting a crop of hay, and at the same time a stubl)le to turn under that would
add nitrogen to our sandy soils, which are rich in phosphoric acid and potash, but
poor in nitrogen. This forage plant so far has made a better showing than alfalfa,
Canada peas, cowpeas, or red clover, as it germinates better than any of the above
and makes more hay in less time. It also withstands drought better. For a short
rotation I believe it will prove better than any of the above for our soil and climate.
1 am of the opinion that hairy vetch will have to be planted in the fall in order to
mature seed here.

NORTH DAKOTA.

Mr. D. N. Dairy mple, Kelso. Traill County:

The vetch made a very rank, rapid growth, and if sown with oats would make an
excellent soiling crop. The greater part of it was still green \vhen the ground was
frozen.

Mr. W. R. Gluyas, Hofflund, Williams Count}':

It looks as if it would make 4 tons to the acre. It makes an excellent growth,
some of the vines being 6 feet 5 inches long. Horses did not seem to care for it, but
it will no doubt prove of considerable value for such stock as will eat it.

80

Hon. J. A. Power, Power, Richland County:

The hairy vetch was mown July 15. After this it grew again and made a thick
growth and matured seed, which was not gathreed. It stayed green until late in
the fall, and was greedily eaten by horses and cattle. I believe it may have value
if it will stand the climate and reseed itself.

OREGON.

Messrs. J. P. & J. O. Stemmler, Dora, Coos Count}-:

It makes an enormous growth, branching out into runners 10 to 12 feet long.
There was a heavy frost here last night, and I thought the vetch was killed, but am
pleased to say it is not, but is in full bloom. One drawback is that, I fear, it will not
ripen seed in this climate. It is splendid as a cover crop among trees. The yield
per acre was about 3 tons.

PENNSYLVANIA.

Mr. Joseph H. Brinton, Chester County:

I experimented with Vicia villosa and found it admirable for subduing weeds. In
forty years' experience of farming I think it the most remarkable forage plant. It
seems proof against the extremes of heat and cold. All kinds of stock like it. The
roots go down deep into the ground, and are covered with tubercles about tjbe size of
a grain of shot.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

Dr. J. E. Rickenbaker, Orangeburg, Orangeburg County:

On rich soil this plant makes a very rapid growth. It is well adapted for this
section, but the seed is difficult to gather and the large quantity required for seeding
will likely prevent its ever becoming very popular.

SOUTH DAKOTA.

Hon. H. C. Warner, Forestburg, Sanborn County:

The seeds of hairy vetch germinated well. The average length of the plants was
9^ feet. It was cut green and fed to horses, hogs, and cows, and was relished by all.
I am well pleased with it, and am sure it will prove valuable for forage.

TEXAS.

Mr. Arnott West, Brownwood, Brown County:

I gave this plant no care, as there was such a small amount of seed. It produced
about 2 to 2^ tr>ns per acre. I let my milch cows graze on it, and they kept it eaten
to the ground from July on. It did well for the chance it had. It will make
splendid hay for this country.

VIRGINIA.

Mr. George Williams, Potomac, Prince William County:

The seed was planted in drills, between corn. I judge by the looks of the plat
that every seed grew, and after the corn was taken off cows were turned into the
pasture, and they seemed to be fond of it. In spite of the cattle eating it off each
day, one can see the green foliage 30 rods away.

81

WASHINGTON.

Mr. F. A. English, Farmington, Whitman County:

I should consider the hairy vetch a good plant for dry soils of poor quality, but no
comparison to brome grass as a success. Under the adverse circumstances it was
remarkably good. There was barely an inch of rainfall from June 1 to September
15. I belieVe the plant would do better on moister ground and with occasional
showers during spring and summer. I can recommend it for its staying qualities.

Mr. J, M. Scott, Kiona, Yakima Count}^:

After the first two or three weeks the hairy vetch grew rapidly. It was frequently
irrigated and soon spread over the ground, making a tangled mass of \'ines. It
probably would yield from 2 to 3 tons per acre. The vines seem to be a rich feed.
From what I have seen of this plant I should think it will withstand a great deal of
drought and li\e, but to make a paying crop it needs a reasonable amount of water.
While the plants were young all kinds of stock seemed to be very fond of them, but
when the vines matured they did not seem to relish them. Mr. W. D. Taville, of
Kiona, who has a wheat farm upon the high plateau known as Horse Heaven, just
south of the Yakima Valley, sowed some hairy vetch this year, which, he says, did
fairly well without irrigation, but there is more rain there than in the valley and
the soil is better.

WISCONSIN.

Mr. J. F. Jensen, Waupaca, Waupaca County:

I have been very successful with the hairy vetch. The seed was sown in May in
1898, and made a good growth of hay. It lived through the severe winter, and this
year grew to. a height of 4 feet. I cut about 10 square rods and thrashed out about
1 bushel of good seed. I think this is a fine crop to grow for the improvement of
our soil.

STOLLEY'S VETCH (Vicia leavenworthii) .

A native annual legume, with small leaves and trailing stems similar
to the common vetch. It is found growing wild in the granite regions
of central and western Texas. Its value as a forage plant was first
noticed by Mr. George Stolley, of -Burnet, Tex., a few years ago. It
IS said to withstand drought remarkably well, and cattle and horses
are fond of it. As it is an early forage plant, appearing in the spring
before even the needle grass starts, it will be especially valuable for
supplying green food at a time when it is badly needed. In the coun-
ties of Parker, Callahan, and Burnet, Tex., it has given most satis-
factory results, and promises to be one of the best winter and early
spring forage plants for those districts. It is also valuable as a soil
mulch and green manure. About iO packages of seed, grown by Mr.
Stolley, were distributed by this division in 1898-99. Several reports
have been received giving only fair results. It has not been sufficiently
tested to enable us to state its usefulness.
15799— No. 22 6

82

SALTBUSHES {Atriplex).»
(Plate XII, fig. 2.)

The saltbushes are especially adapted for alkali lands where grasses
and clovers will not grow, but they will also do well on nonalkaline
soils. There are man}" species in cultivation, both native and intro-
duced. A variety which is attracting a great deal of attention at the
present time is the Australian saltbush. It is a rapid-growing, much-
branched perennial which forms a dense mat over the ground to the
thickness of from 1 to 2 feet. The leaves are small, about an inch
long, and coarsely toothed along the margins. In a few weeks one
plant will spread from -i to 5 feet. The hard, somewhat pulpy fruits
are produced in abundance throughout the season. The}" differ from
many of the other saltbushes in not having the seed surrounded by a
large, light fibrous covering, but have merely a very thin coating of
pulp, which is tinged with red at maturity and dries out as soon as
they fall from the plant. On the poorest and most stubborn arid soil,
so impregnated with alkali that no other useful plant will grow, this
saltbush has been known to flourish. It seems to have a remark-
able number of virtues, including great frost resistance, palatability,
heavy yield, sand-binding qualities, and the habit of spreading freely.
Sheep are especially fond of this saltbush, and hogs eat it freely. A
mixture of three parts of this forage with one part of common hay is
readily eaten by horses and cattle. It is probable that under favora-
ble conditions about 20 tons of green feed or 5 tons of cured forage
could be produced from 1 acre. The introduction of this plant to
owners of waste alkali lands has certainly been a great achievement.
As it has almost the same nutritive ratio as alfalfa, it would seem that
it must have nearly as high a feeding value. Von Mueller states that,
in his opinion, many of the valuable qualities of the Australian wools
are due to the abundance of this and other saltbushes in the regions in
which the sheep are grazed. Owing to its thin, flexible stems it can be
handled like alfalfa, while most of the other saltl)ushes are only fit for
browsing. Of all the difi'erent species in cultivation in this country,
this Australian saltbush seems to be the most promising, both because
of its hardiness and the bulk of tender fodder produced.

In the grass garden at the Department of Agriculture, Washington,
D. C, the Australian saltbush has produced a vigorous and widely
spreading growth throughout the season. It is now fruiting abun-
dantly, and extends 5 feet beyond the original plot which it has
occupied for five years without reseeding or other care.

There are aliout 40 species of saltbush in the Western States, some
of which will no doubt prove as valuable as those introduced from

'For full discussion on "Native and introduced saltbushes," see Farmers' Bui.
No. 108, T^. 8. Department of Agriculture. (Agros. No. 55.)

83

Australia. They are known to be hard}^ as regards cold as well as
resistant to alkali and drought, and are highly valued for grazing in
alkali districts where little or no other vegetation exists.

Of the American saltbushes now in cultivation, shad scale is consid-
ered to have the most economic value. It is a robust, shrubby peren-
nial, from ttr to 10 feet high, native to the high valleys and plains of
Wyoming, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas. The
small, narrow, gray -green leaves and young branches are browsed by
cattle, which sometimes eat it down close to the ground, leaving only
the stump to branch out again into new growth. The seeds are pro-
duced in great abundance, often one-half bushel or more on a plant.
These are much sought after by sheep, and are considered verv fat-
tening.

In the Southwest there are large sections of countr}" where shad
scale constitutes the chief forage plant. It is so much liked by stock
that on the summer ranges it occurs only on rock}^ cliffs or other inac-
cessible points. On ranges which are not grazed through the summer,
where the plant has an opportunity to seed freely, it grows in great
abundance and affords excellent winter pasturage. It has proved its
adaptability to soils impregnated with white alkali, and also withstands
small amounts of the black alkali. Its resistance to cold adds greatly
to its value. Since 1896 this division has sent out 218 packages of
Atriplex saltbushes to different experimenters throughout the United
States. Twenty-nine different States are represented in this distribu-
tion, which was as follows:

Shad scale {Atriplex canesceiw)^ 85 packages; gra}- saltbush (^1. Jiali-
■moides)^ 37; annual or bladder saltbush (J., liolocarj^a)^ 29; Australian
saltbush (/I. semihaccata)^ 20; Nelson's saltbush {A. j)ahularis), 19;
slender-fruited saltbush (^1. lejjtocarjxt)^ 18; silvery saltbush (^1. argen-
tea)^ 16; round-leafed saltbush (^1. numnndaria)^ 10; bladder saltbush
{A. vesicaria)^ 8; NuttalFs saltbush {A. mdtaUri)^ 5; Utah saltbush {^A.
truncata)^ 3; sponge saltbush {A. spongiosa), 3, and spiny saltbush {A.
coiifertifolkt)^ 3. Of the 150 applicants for seed, 52 have sent in
reports, and with the exception of 12, all report that the seed failed to
germinate, or that onlj^ a few plants came up and soon died.

This failure to germinate the seeds is very probablj^ due to the
methods adopted in planting. If the seeds are harrowed in to the
depth of 2 or 3 inches, or sown in drills in alkali soils, they usually
rot before germination can take place. The primary rule to remember
is that these saltbushes are plants of the desert. Their seeds start
easily and rapidly, with little or no covering, but the soil must be
warm and moist. At the California Experiment Station, as well as on
the trial grounds of the Department at Washington, D. C, it has been
determined that the seeds germinate better when sown directh' on the
surface without any covering. Some practical stockmen have had

84

good results in establishing saltbush on alkali ranges by sowing the
seed on the ofround when it was wet with heavv rains, and at once
driving a flock of sheep over the land, thus treading the seed into the
soil. In order to obtain a satisfactory stand, however, the heat must
be adequate.

Almost without exception farmers who have attempted to cover
saltbush seed on alkali soils have found that it rotted in the ground
before germination could take place. For California the best time to
sow is about the latter part of September or the beginning of October,
when one is able to catch the first autumn showers. Plants ma}^ be
grown b}' sowing the seed in boxes or garden beds, covering very
lightly, and planting out the seedlings when a few inches high, several
feet apart, on alkali spots. Man}- have followed this method with
success, and thus have utilized every seed obtained. In districts
where the seed is being experimented with for the first time, and in
case of small lots, this method is to be recommended.

As the saltbushes are remarkable for their ability to adapt them-
selves to varied conditions, this method would enable the plants to
become acclimated, and the seed would be more likely to germinate
well. The California Experiment Station sums up the points in brief,
as follows: Sow early, on the surface; press seed into the soil, but do
not cover; protect from birds, which are very fond of the seeds.

Although no extensive experiments have been made with sowing
saltbush seed on nonalkaline soils, yet it seems to be an advantage to
cover them slightly.

WINTER FAT; SWEET SAGE (Eurotia lanata) .
(Plate XIII, fig. 1.)

A half-shrubby perennial, 1 to 3 feet high, with numerous small
gray leaves and slender woolly twigs. It is found growing wild
throughout the Rocky Mountain region from British Columbia to
Mexico. An important fact in regard to this plant is that it will
thrive on both alkali and nonalkali soils. In western Texas and in the
more arid regions of Arizona, Nevada, and Utah it is very highly
valued for winter forage. The cotton}^ seeds are produced in great
abundance, and both seeds and stems are eaten greedily by all grazing
animals; so that this plant is now almost exterminated wherever cattle
have free range. It has been growing in the grass garden of the
Department of Agriculture at Washington, D. C, for several years,
and grows almost as well in dry as in wet weather, producing a fine
growth of forage. Stock grazed on lands where winter fat occurs
make a rapid growth, and are said to be remarkably free from disease,
because of the tonic properties of the plant. Seed might ]>e gathered
b}' ranchmen and sown in the spring on land which had been disked or

Bui. 22, Div of Agrostology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculfure.

Plate XIII.

Fig. 1.— Winter Fat ; Sweet Sage <Eurotia lanatai, Native growth
From a photograph by A. H. Leckenby.

Fig. 2.— Sand Dune Formed by Seaside Blue Grass (Poa magrantha) near

Seaside, Oreg.

From a photograpli by F. Lamson-Seribner, 1899.

85

harrowed, and while it could not be cut for ha}", owing to its shrubby
nature, yet it would make excellent winter browsing for either sheep
or cattle. Since 189G thirt^^-eight packages of the seed of winter fat
have been distributed by this division. Eleven reports have been
received, but most of the experimenters seem to have had ditficultv in
growing it successfully luider cultivation. Our special agent at Walla
AValla, Wash., however, finds that it adapts itself readily to cultivation,
producing an abundance of seed.

TSAMA WATERMELON (Citrullus vulgaris) .

(Fig. 1.)

A few seeds of this variety were received from Professor MacOwan,
government botanist for Cape Colony, and distributed to the Arizona
and California experiment stations, with the hope that a quantity of
seed might be produced for general distribution. The Tsama water-
melon is a native of the Kalahari Desert, in South, Africa, where it
is often the only supply of water for travelers crossing these arid
regions. It is especially adapted to withstand great extremes of tem-
perature and drought, and hence might be valuable for wide introduc-
tion through the deserts of Arizona and southern California.

Professor MacOwan writes:

The waterless regions would be impassable but for its perfectly tasteless watery
contents. It is merely a variety of Citrullus vulgaris with tasteless and nonpurgative
puliD. The vines grow rapidly and spread many feet, yielding a large quantity of
round melons 4 inches or more in diameter.

Tsama watermelon has grown and matured in the grass garden of
the Department of Agriculture at Washington. The California Exper-
iment Station is now distributing the seed of this melon under the erro-
neous name of Khama watermelon, with the following notice:

This curious little stock melon came from the Kalahari Desert, in South Af.-ica,
and is said to grow well on exceedingly arid soil. At Pomona substation, without
water, on sandy soil, it yielded at the rate of 22 tons to the acre. Cows and horses
eat the melons readily.

At the experiment stations of Arizona and California it grew luxuri-
antly, as the following report will show.

Mr. J. W. Mills, foreman. Sub-experiment Station, Los Angeles, Cal. :

A reddish-brown, sandy loam was plowed 10 inches deep in October, 1898, irri-
gated in January, 1899, replowed in February, and cultivated until June. The seeds
were planted in hills 12 by 24 feet between rows of fruit trees on June 5, 1899. The
plants came up well and were thinned, leaving two in a hill. The crop was culti-
vated only once before the vines covered the ground. It was in bloom from July to
October 1. In (juality it is about on a par with the melon known as pie melon, stock
melon, or citnju. The vines grew about 12 to 15 feet long, jjroducing from 120 to 160
melons per hill. The crop was harvested about November 1, 1899, when about one-
fourth of tlic melons were ripe. The yield per acre if planted 15 by 15 feet would

86

be about 40,000 pounds. Cows and horses eat the melons readily. Hogs do not care
for them. The melons when on the vine have a peculiar and l)ad odor, which
passes away after they have been harvested a few days. The odor seems to come
from the hairs that grow on the rind.

Fig. l.—Tsama melon (Citnillds viilrjariy).

Prof. A. J. McClatchie, Experiment Station. Phenix. Ariz. :

A well-prepared, sandy loam was used. The seeds were planted in row-s 6 l)y 8
feet on April 10, and well cultivated during the early part of the season. The crop
was in bloom by May, and ripe melons were produced during July, August, and
September. It grows luxuriantly and is evidently good feed for stock. It seems to
be suited to our climate and stands the drought well.

o

Bulletin No. 23. Agros. 65.

U, S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOCtY.
[Grass and Fora^^laut luvesta^tions.]

ON

AMEEICAN aEASSES.

A REVISION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF BROMUS
OCCURRING NORTH OF MEXICO.

BY

CORNELIUS L. SHEAR,

Assistant Aijroslologist.

PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OP F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER, AGROSTOLOGIST.

ISSXJED JXTLY 3, 1900.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1900.

Bulletin No. 23. Agros. 65.

U, S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

DIVISION OF AGROSTOLOGY.
[Orass and Forage Plant Investigations.]

STUDIES

ON

AMEKICAN GEASSES.

A REVISION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF BROMUS
OCCURRING NORTH OF MEXICO.

BY

CORNELIUS L. SHEAR,

A siilsta ut Agroslologist.

PREPARED l!NDER THE DIRECTION OF F. LAMSON-SCRIBNER, AGROSTOLOGIST.

ISSUED JULY :i, 1900.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1900.

LETTHR OF TRANSMITTAL.

I

U. S. Department of Agriculture,

Division of Agrostology,
Washingto?}, D. C, April 9, 1900.

Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a
paper entitl(>d A Revision of the North American Species of Bromus
Occurring- North of Mexico, prepared under my direction b}^ Mr. Cor-
nelius L. Shear, assistant agrostologist, and recommend the same for
publication as Bulletin No. 23 of this division, under the general title
of "Studies on American Grasses."

The abundance of good material collected during the past few years
in the Rocky Mountains and the Northwest has shown the necessity of
a revision of the genus Broiu us. Until very recently good specimens
from these regions have been few, and their identification has rested in
many cases on tradition and misconceptions of the species. As an
illustration of this, the case of B. hreviari status may be cited. The
identiiication of this species was based by Thurber and Gray on speci-
mens distributed by Hooker under that name. These specimens when
compared with the original illustration of the species and the actual
type prove to be the old and well-known B. unioloides. The examina-
tion of portions of the types of Hooker, Link, and Nuttall has made it
possible to treat more satisfactorily the various forms from the same
region that have passed for B. ciliatus and its varieties. Thus B.
mdgaris^ which is one of the best-defined species of the Northwest, has
heretofore passed as B. ciliatus or B. purgans, or a variety of one or
the other. The group presenting the most difficulties in the way of
sati.sf actor}^ segregation is that to which B. carinatus and B. marginatus
belong. Here the forms and variations are so many and perplexing
that the present disposition of them is necessarily more or less tentative.
In the thorough study of the group Fournier's Mexican forms must be
considered, and these are so confused and poorly segregated that only
a comparison of his types can make a satisfactory disposition of them
possible.

The present paper contains descriptions of 36 species and 28 varieties,
45 of which are natives and 19 introduced. The enumeration includes
a new subgenus, 3 new species, and 15 new varieties.
Respectfully,

F. Lamson-Scribner,

Agrostologist.

Hon. James Wilson,

Secretary of Agriculture.

CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction 7

Classitication 7

Distribution 11

Economic importance 12

Characters of the genus 13

Analytical key 13

Description of the specie.' 16

Species excluded 63

Species doubtful or unknown 63

Index 65

5

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page.

Fig. 1. Bromus secalinus L 1"

2. Bromus racemosus L 1°

3. Bromus hordeaceus L. 1"

4. Bromus arvensis L 20

5. Bromus jjatidus Mert. and Koch 21

6. Bromus squarrosus L 22

7. Bromus brizseformis Fisch. and Mey 23

8. Bromus scoparius L ■- 24

9. Brom.us trinii Desv 25

10. Bromus madritensis L 26

11. Bromus maximus Desf 27

12. Bromus ruh'ens L 28

13. Bromus sterilis L 29

14. Bromus tectorum L 30

15. Bromus ramosus Huds 31

16. Bromus ciJiatus L 32

17. Bromus richardsoni Link 33

18. Bromus kalmii A. Gray §5

19. Bromus porteri (Coult. ) Nash 36

20. Bromus porteri frondosus Shear 38

21. Bromus padficus Shear 39

22. Bromus purgans L 40

23. Bromus orcuttianus Vasey 42

24. Bromus vulgaris (Hook. ) Shear 43

25. Bromus Isevipes Shear 45

26. Bromus suksdorfii Vasey 46

27. Bromus eredus Huds 47

28. Bromus inermis Leyss 48

29. Bromus pumpellicmus Scribn 49

30. Bromus nnioloides (Willd. ) H. B. K 50

31. Bromus unioloides hsenkeunus (Presl. ) Shear 51

32. Bromus subvelutinus Shear 52

33. Bromus marginatus Nees 53

34. Bromus jwlyanthus Scribn - 56

35. Bromus aletitensis Trin 57

36. Bromus sitchensis Bong 58

37. Bromus carinatns Hook. & Arn 59

38. Bromus carinatus liookerianus (Thurb. ) Shear 61

39. Bromus carinatus linearis Shear 62

40. Bromus ladniatus Beal 63

6

A REVISIO.^ OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF BROMUS
OCCURRING NORTH OF MEXICO.

INTRODUCTION.

It does not appear that any attempt has heretofore been made to revise
the species of Broimis of any very extensive region. In the present
paper the species of North America north of Mexico are treated. Those
of Mexico are so poorly known that no satisfactory disposition can be
made of them until more extensive collections have been examined and
the types of Fournier's species and varieties studied. A careful study
of the types of the species of Humboldt, Bonpland and Kunth and
Presl from the region of the Andes is also necessary in order to cor-
rectly understand our southwestern and Mexican species of the sub
genus Ceratochloa.

The number of known species of Broimts, according to Bentham in his
"Notes on Graminese" in 1881, was about 40. This is the most recent
estimate, but according to Index Kewensis and the study of recent lit-
erature a total of 150 species would be a conservative estimate of the
number at present known. The number of species and varieties
described in this paper is 61. Of these 45 are indigenous, and the
remaining 19 adventive or introduced. Three are regarded as new
species, and fifteen as new varieties. A few species credited to North
America still remain doubtful or unknown to us. These have been
added at the end of the paper with their original descriptions.

We desire here to acknowledge our great indebtedness and express
our thanks to the following botanists who have rendered valuable
assistance in the preparation of this paper, either by the loan or con-
tribution of material or by the copying of original descriptions or
plates: Drs. B. L. Robinson, Wm. Trelease, N. L. Britton, J. K.
Small, P. A. Rydberg, and I. Urban, also Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer,
Miss Alice Eastwood, and Prof. C. V. Piper.

CLASSIFICATION.

i The first step necessary in revising a genus is to decide what shall
I be considered its type. Then follows the question of its limitations,
i In this case, as in so many others, Linnaeus, who is cited as the author

8

of the name, was not the first to apply it to a genus. In Gen. PI. ed.
4, 26. 1752, he cites Monti (Cat. Stirp. Agri. Bonon. Prod. 32. 1719)
as the author of the genus. For figures of species which he evidently-
regarded as typical he cites Scheuchzer's Agrost. Helv. Prod. pJ. J.
fgs. ^, 10^ 11, 12. 1708. Referring to Scheuchzer\s figures, No. 2
appears to be a species of Desoliampsla, which Linnaeus one year later,
Sp. PI. 1 : 65. 1753, refers to Aira coBspitma, but does not mention it
under Bromus, so it is rather evident that the reference to it laider
that genus was an error. The next figure cited, 10, is undoubtedly a
Bromus, and is referred by Linnteus to B. arvensis 1. c. by citation
of description but not of figure. By some error on the part of Scheu-
chzer, his figure 10 is referred to on different pages as representing two
different things. Figure 11 Linnanis refers in the same place to B.
sqnarrosiis 2iU(\. ^guvQ 12 in the first edition of '^Species Plantarum"
is referred to B. tectorum, but in the second edition it is referred to
B. moUis {hordeaceus), which it evidently is. Thus it is sufficiently
clear what section at least of the genus as here treated, Linnteus had
in mind as the basis of his genus. But according to the present rules
of American nomenclature, 1753 is taken as the starting point for
genera as well as species. Following this, some arbitrary means must
be resorted to in deciding what shall be recognized as the types of
Linnffius's genera, since there are no generic descriptions in the
"Species Plantarum." The most simple and logical plan we belicA^e
would be to adopt the first species mentioned as the type, which, applied
to the case in hand, would make the tj^pe of our genus B. secalinv^s,
thus bringing about in this case practically the same results as b}^ the
first method, as the species first referred to by Linnaeus, B. arvensis,
B. squarrosus, and B. mollis are all intimately related to B. secalinus.

This o-enus in the sense in which it is here treated has been the sub-
ject of many divisions and subdivisions; at least ten different genera
based upon various species have been proposed. The present tendency
among manj^ botanists is toward the narrower limitation of genera,
but it has seemed best in this paper to maintain the genus in its
broadest sense. Of the various genera proposed Ceratochloa is per-
haps, on the whole, the best defined, while the subgenus Neohromiis
is rather anomalous, and may be eventually found worthy of generic
rank. This subgeims, which includes so far as at present known only
Bromus trinii and its several varieties, shows very close relationship
with Avena and Trisetum, to each of which genera forms of it have
been referred. In its various forms it appears to have reached its
greatest development in the Andes of South America and is restricted
in its distribution to the western portion of the western continent.

The following list shows in order of their publication the various
genera proposed for species here included in the genus Bromus:

9

Lasiopoa Ehrh. Beitr. 4 : 147. 1789.

Ceratovhloa Beauv. Agrost. 75. /. 15. f. 7. 1812.

ScJiedonoi-us Beauv. Agrost. 99. 1812. This, apparently by mistake, stands Sche-
nof7or((.9 in the index, 177, of the work cited. Beaiivois included under Schedono7-us
mostly s^jecies of Festuca. He cites no type for the genus, so we have accepted the
first species mentioned, Festuca elatior L., as the type. Only one or two species of
true Bromus were included by him, one of which was B. inermis.

Zcrna Panz. Denkschr. Acad. Miinch. 296. 1813.

Mkhelaria Dum. Obs. Gram. Belg. 77. /. 16. 1823.

Libertia'Le]. Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. 12:755. i. 65. 1825.

Serrafalcus Pari. PI. Nov. 75. 1842.

Anlsaniha C. Koch, Linnsea 21 : 394. 1848.

Triniu.'iia Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 328. 1854.

Bromopsis Fourr. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon n. ser. 17: 187. 1869.

Zcrna was originally made to include the species of the subgenus Stenobromus as
well as those related to B. asper.

Mkhelaria and Libert ia are synonyms, both being founded on B. arduennensis Dum.,
a Belgian species resembling B. .<iquarrosus somewhat but having the angle on the
margin of the flowering glume extended in the form of a tooth.

Serrafalcus was apjilied to the group containing B. secalinus and closely allied spe-
cies, which Linnseus regarded as typical of his genus BromU'S.

Anisaiithii was founded on B. pontica Koch, which is considered to be B. tectorum'L.

Bromopsis ^\•as applied to B. asper and B. erectus, and is synonymous with Zerna, as
here emended.

Triniusia was founded on B. danthonise Trin., and maybe a valid genus. It is not
represented in our territory.

The greatest difficulties in the treatment of the subject are connected
with the segregation and delimitation of species and varieties. In
order to arrive at a stable basis for the foundation and separation of
species, it is quite necessary that one should know exacth" what the
type of each species is. Various authors differ as to the limitation of
species, and it can scarcely be expected that there will be a unanimous
opinion as to these limitations, but if the typical form of a species be
recognized and taken as the fixed point that must remain undisturbed,
however many or few forms may be grouped around it, much con-
fusion would be avoided. As a basis of the present revision we have
made a careful study of the original descriptions of the species and
also have had an opportunity of examining the types or portions of
the types of the most of our endemic forms. This has shown the
necessity of a number of changes in the nomenclature of our species,
the determination of some of them having heretofore rested upon
traditions and interpretations, which investigations of the types prove
to be incorrect. Besides the study of original descriptions and types,
we have had an opportunity to study most of the forms in the field
during the past five seasons, and have also been able to examine the
collections of a number of the larger herbaria of this country. The
species, as in most of our genera of wide distribution, are very varia-

10

ble, and their separation becomes to a great extent a matter of personal
judgment, and hence arbitrary. Nearly all of the so-called specific
characters are variable. The most common variations are in the
amount and distribution of the pubescence, the width of the glumes
and leaves, and the length of the awns. In most instances the amount
and distribution of the pubescence of the flowering glume, taken in
connection with other corelated characters of the plant, have been
found to furnish a fair basis for segregation, especially where these
characters are found to coincide with geographic distribution and
environment. It has been found, however, that a character which
seems fairly stable in one species may be much more variable in
another, so that no character in general can be said to have specific
value, but the value of each character must be determined by careful
study and observation of the plants throughout a considerable terri-
tory. Species founded on single characters are always artificial, rather
than natural. There are scarcely any of our species that do not show
intermediate forms. In some instances, of course, these are much
moi-e numerous than in others. The subgenus CeratocJdoa presents
the most numerous and perplexing forms. These seem to be largeh^
due to the wide distribution and varied climatic and physiographic
conditions under which they are found.

The advisability of the adoption of so many varieties may perhaps
be questioned by some as tending to make nomenclature too cumber-
some. As the chief value of the work, however, seems to us to lie in
bringing out as clearl}' as possible the degrees of relationship and rela-
tive importance of the various groups as well as their connection with
physical environment and geographical distribution, this course has
been followed as best serving the end in view.

An attempt is here made to illustrate diagrammatically what appears
to us the relationships of the subgenera and species.

The first group, Bromus proper, is made up entirely of forms ^vhich
have been introduced from Europe.

brizseformis ' squarrosus

ARVENSIS ■ JMtuluS

secalinus racemosm

I
scopanus hordeacem

The second group, subgenus Neohrojnm^ represented by one species
and its varieties, shows no close relation with our other species, but
seems to approach nearest B. scopariiis and B. tectorum.

The subgenus Steiwhroinus also consists entirely of introduced species.

maximus

I
madritens-is ruhens

I
sterilis tedorum

11

The subgenus Zerna as here emended contains the largest number of
our endemic species. They are widely distributed throughout our
region and are quite variable.

ornUtianus

pacificus

porteri purgana kalmii

vulqarix ciliatus richardsoni

1 I I

suksdorfii ramosus - Itevipes

\

\

pumpeUia7nis erectus

tnermis

The subgenus CeratocMoa is apparently peculiar to the western por-
tions of North and South America, ranging from Alaska to Cape Horn.

polyanthun aleutensis

laciniaius

\

carinutus ■ sitcliensis

/
\ /

MARGINATUS : UllioloideS

mbveluiinus

It is impossible to represent by diagram, except in a ver^" general
way. the various relationships of a species. If the species diverged
along one or two lines, it would not be so difficult; on the contrary,
each shows more or less variation in several directions, so that the
typical form might more properly be regarded as a center from which
lines diverge in various directions.

The results of this stud^^, which seem to us of most general scientific
importance, are those which give us a clew to the derivations and rela-
tions of the various species. It will be noticed that comparatively few
s3'nonyms are given under the species. By listing all the synonj^ms
given by various authors a very long but unreliable list might have
been made; it has seemed to us preferable, however, to restrict the
sj^nonymy to those names whose identity we have been able to Aerify,
either by the examination of the types or of authentic material. In
rare instances we have been obliged to accept the authority of those
who have had excellent opportunity for comparison and study of the
species referred to.

DISTKIBUTION.

The genus Br&mus is most widely distributed in the temperate and
mountain regions of the world. The genus seems to have reached
with us its greatest development in the Rocky Mountains. In the
tropics the species are almost entirely restricted to the higher moun-
tains. Some of the species are more or less distributed in arctic regions
also. The highest altitude reached by any species is about 4,000
meters, in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. The species is Btoitius

12

fortetn. In the Rocky Mountain region and on the west coast we
have abundant representatives of the Ceratochloa group, which is found
from western Alaska to Cape Horn, but is not represented, so far as we
know, on the Eastern Hemisphere, except by introduced forms of B.
unioloides. Our species in the Northwest show an intimate connection
with some of those in eastern Siberia. This is especially marked in
the case of Bromus lymnpellianus^ whose Siberian equivalent is B.
inermis. Unfortunately we have not sufficient material of Siberian
species at hand to carr}^ farther the comparison. In the South many
forms of the subgenus Ceratochloa are connected by way of the moun-
tains through Mexico and Central America with those of the Andes,
so that it will be necessary, in order to make a comprehensive and
satisfactory disposition of this group, to studv carefully representa-
tives from the Andes region, as well as from farther south.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE.

A number of species are of economic importance, either on account
of their value as forage or because of their weedy propensities.
Ranking first as a forage plant comes Bromus inermis (smooth or
Hungarian brome grass). This species, introduced from Europe, has
been extensively tried in the semiarid portions of the West and found
to be well adapted to the conditions prevailing there. It is excellent
for either hay or pasture.

Broirms unioloides^ usually sold under the name of Schrader's lirome
grass, is another species which has been cultivated considerably in the
southern parts of the United States.

Bromiis secalinus, cheat or chess, though usually regarded as a weed
in grain fields in the East, is cultivated for hay quite extensively in
western Oregon and Washington.

Bromus pumpellkmus, a native of the northern Rocky Mountain
region, has been tried in cultivation and found very promising. It is
very closely related to Brom/m inermis and adapted to similar condi-
tions of soil and climate.

Bromus marginatus latior has also been used for hay to some extent
in Oregon and appears worthy of further attention.

Nearly all of the introduced species show decided weedy propensi-
ties and are quite troublesome, especially on the west coast. Bromus
Iwrdeaceus and its variety glabrescens have taken possession of vast
areas (see B. hordeaceus) of deteriorated range land in California,
Oregon, and Washington. Bromus sterilis, B. maxinvas^ and B.
madritensis are also common weeds in grain fields and waste places in
the same States.

13

BROMUS L. Gen. PL 15. 1737.

Spikelet.s few to many-flowered, slightly or more rarely strongly flattened laterally,
in panicles, or rarely racemed; rachilla articulated above the emj^ty glumes and
between the florets; florets hermaphrodite or the uppermost imperfect; empty
glumes at the base of the spikelet 2, unequal, acute, or the second short-awned,
1 to 7 nerved, shorter than the flowering glumes; flowering glumes keeled or
more often rounded on the back, 5 to 9 nerved, usually 2-toothed at the apex,
awned from the back just below or from between the teeth, sometimes awnless;
awn straight or divergent, sometimes twisted. Palea usually a little shorter
than the glume, 2-keeled. Stamens usually 3. Stigmas plumose, sessile, spring-
ing from below the hairy cushion-like apex of the ovary. Grain furrowed and
grown to the palea. Annual or perennial grasses with flat leaves and rather
large, erect or pendulous spikelets.

The genus is very closely related to Festuca, from which it differs in general in its
larger spikelets, more or less dentate apex to the flowering glume and in the
character of the ovary, and the habit of growth which is very rarely csespitose.
Some species show close relationship with Avena, Trisetum, and Danthonia, while
others are very close to Melica.

ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE SPECIES AND VARIETIES.

1. Flowering glmne with pubescence about equally distributed over the whole dor-
sal surface 2

1. Flowering glume with pubescence conspicuously unevenly distributed over the
dorsal surface, longest and densest on the margins or base or both 25

1. Flowering glume smooth or scabrous So?

2, Spikelets 5-9 mm. broad, laterally flattened before flowering 3

2. Spikelets usually less than 5 mm. broad ] )ef ore flowering and terete or subterete . 6

3. Awn not exceeding 7 mm. long, usually shorter 4

3. Awn usually more than 7 mm. long 24

4. Leaves linear, somewhat involute and pilose-pubescent .. 30 B. subvelutinus.

4. Leaves linear-lanceolate, flat 5

5. Panicle narrow, lower branches not exceeding 10 cm. long. 31 B. marginatus.

5. Panicle rather broad, some of the lower branches exceeding 10 cm. long

31 B. marginatus latior.

6. Panicle rather lax and drooping in flower 7

6. Panicle as a whole not conspicuously secund or drooping in flower 17

7. Perennials, native 8

7. Annual, introduced 14 B. tectorum.

8. Species restricted to the Rocky ^lountains and westward 9

8. Species east of the Rocky Mountains 14

9. Lower empty glume l-nerved, lanceolate, acute 10

9. Lower empty glume 3-nerved, broadly lanceolate, subacute 19 B. porteri.

10. Lower empty glume 5 mm. or more long 11

10. Lower empty glume usually less than 5 mm. long. . . 19y5 B. porteri havardii.

11 . Sheaths densely pilose-pubescent 19a: B. porteri lanatipes.

11 . Sheaths not densely pilose-pubescent 12

12. Empty glumes more or less pubescent 13

12. Empty glumes smooth 1 9^ B. porteri frondosus.

13. Culm tall, stout; panicle heavy 20 B. pacificus.

13. Culm rather slender; panicle not heavy 23 B. vulgaris.

14. Lower empty glume l-nerved, acute 15

14. Lower empty glume more or less distinctly 3-nerved 18 B. kalmii.

14

15. Sheaths without a ring of pilose jjubescence at the base of the blade 16

15. Sheaths with a ring of pilose pubescence at the base of the blade

20a B. purgans latiglumis.

16. Sheaths densely soft pilose-pubescent 21?^ B. purg-ans incanus.

16. Sheaths sparsely pilose-pubescent or nearly smooth 2 1 B. purgans.

17. Flowering glumes acute or subacute with not more than 5 distinct nerves ... 18

17. Flowering glumes broad, obtuse or sub-obtuse, 7-nerved 22

18. Awn of flowering glume straight at maturity 19

18. Awn more or less twisted and divaricate at maturity 21

19. Branches of the panicle rather rigid and spreading in fruit . 22 B. orcuttianus.

19. Branches of the panicle not rigid nor broadly spreading 20

20. Leaves of the innovations narrow and involute 26 B. erectus.

20. Leaves not involute and panicle not strictly erect . . 21yS B. purgans texensis.

21. Panicle more than 2 dm. long 9cr B. trinii pallidiflorus.

21. Panicle smaller; mostly le3s than 2 dm. long 9 B. trinii.

22. Awn twisted and divaricate at maturity 23

22. Awn not conspicuously twisted or divaricate 3B. hordeaceus.

23. Panicle dense; usually less than 12 cm. long. . 3a: B. hordeaceus intermedius.

23. Panicle looser; more than 15 cm. long 9 /i B. trinii excelsus.

24. Leaves of the innovations numerous, narrow 35^ B. carinatus linearis.

24. Leaves of the innovations few; more than 2 mm. broad 35 B. carinatus.

25. Panicle rather broad, loose and drooping 26

25. Panicle rather narrow and erect or not conspicuously drooping 31

26. Awn more than 6 mm. long ^. . 27

26. Awn less than 6 mm. long 29

27. An introduced species with broad, loose panicle 1 5 B. ramosus.

27. Xative species, with rather narrow panicles , 28

28. Leaves and sheaths glabrous; leaves usually more than 7 mm. broad

23a: B. vulgaris eximius.

28. Leaves and sheaths more or less pilose-pubescent; leaves less than 7 mm. broad

23^ B. vxilgaris robustus.

29. Flowering glume pubescent above the middle on the margin and across the lower

half of the back 30

29. Flowering glume ciliate-pubescent on the margin, the jjubescence extending very

little above the middle. 31

30. Ligule 2 mm. or more long; plants with creeping rootstocks 24 B. laevipes.

30. Ligule less than 2 mm. long; plants without creeping rootstocks

17B. richardsoni.

31. Native of the Rocky Mountains westward and northward

1 la B. richardsoni pallidus.

31. Native of the Northeastern States and northward 16 B. ciliatus.

32. Panicle broad, branches widely spreading in flower, introduced. . 27 B. inermis.

32. Panicle rather narrow with erect or ascending branches 33

33. Panicle narrow and rather rigidly erect; flowering glume short-pubescent or

puberulent on the margin 25 B. suksdorfii.

33. Panicle not rigidly erect 34

34. Awn wanting or not exceeding 2 mm.; flowering glume Avith margin short-

pubescent 28/i B. pumpellianus melicoides.

34. Awn usually exceeding 2 mm 35

35. Margin of the flowering glume very densely ciliate-pubescent nearly to the apex

28a: B. pumpellianus tweedyi.

35. Margin of the flowering glume with shorter pubescence not reaching to the

apex 28 B. pumpellianus.

36. Spikelets large, somewhat laterally compressed before flowering 37

15

36. Spikeleta not flattened laterally before flowering 49

37. Awn exceeding 7 mm. long 33

37. Awn less than 7 mm. long 4j

38. Flowering glume very broadly lanceolate, subacute, distinctly 7-nerved

33 B. aleutensis.

38. Flowering glume lanceolate, acute, usually 5-nerved 39

39. Flowering glume 18-20 nnn. long; awn 11-15 mm. long

35/i B. carinatus hookerianus.

39. Flowering glume 14-16 mm. long; awn 7-10 mm. long 40

40. Panicle very broad, longest branches 15 mm. or more long, lax and drooping;

leaves broad 34 B. sitchensis.'

40. Panicle narrower, longest branches less than 15 mm. long; leaves rather narrow. .

-• 35a B. carinatus californicus.

41. Panicle erect or suberect, lower branches rarely more than 10 cm. long 42

41. Panicle with upper part more or less drooping; lower branches rather weak, the

longest usually more than 10 cm. long 45

42. Awn wanting or less than 4 mm. long 43

42. Awn 4 mm. or more long 44

43. Spikelets about 1 cm. broad, Briza-like 7 B. brizgeformis.

43. Spikeleta narrower, not resembling those of Briza

29a B. unioloides haenkeanus.

44, Flowering glumes scabrous-pubemlent 45

44. Flowering glume smooth or merely scabrous 32 B. polyanthus.

45. Anativeofthesouthwest, Arizona, and southward. 35£B. carinatus arizonicus.

45. A native of the northwest, Wyoming, Oregon, and northward

31/S B. marginatus seminudus.

46. Palea more than three-fourths the length of its glmne 47

46. Palea three-fourths the length of its glume or less 29 B. unioloides.

47. Panicle rather lax and open, not dense 48

47. Panicle large, suberect, and rather dense SSy B. carinatus densus.

48. Plants with broad leaves, usually more than 7 dm. high

32a: B. polyanthus paniculatus.

48. Plants usually less than 7 dm. high with rather short, narrow leaves

36 B. laciniatus.

49. Awn distinctly twisted and divaricate 50

49. Awn not distinctly twisted and divaricate ■. 52

50. Panicle short and dense 8 B. scoparius.

50. Panicle rather large and open 51

51. Spikelets usually more than 5 mm. broad in flower 6 B. squarrosus,

51. Spikelets 5 mm. or less broad in flower 5 B. patulus.

52. Panicle short and contracted 53

52. Panicle rather broad and open 56

53. Flowering glumes elliptic 3^ B. hordeaceus glabrescens.

53. Flowering glumes narrow-lanceolate 54

54. Awn 35 to 40 mm. or more long 11 B. maximus.

54. Awn less than 30 mm. long 55

55. Panicle forming a dense head rarely exceeding 5 cm. long 12 B. rubens.

55. Panicle less dense and usually longer 10 B. madritensis.

56. Flowering glumes elliptic or ovoid-lanceolate 57

56. Flowering glumes oblong lanceolate to narrow-lanceolate 60

57. Margins of flowering glumes not strongly involute in fruit 58

57. Margins of flowering glumes strongly involute in fruit IB. secalinus.

58. Panicle rather small and subracemose 2 B. racemosus.

58. Panicle rather large and broad 59

16

59. Spikelets less than 6 mm. broad iu flower 4 B. arvensis.

59. Spikelets more than 6 mm. broad in flower. . . 2a B. racemosus commutatus.

60. Awn more than 15 mm. long 61

60. Awn much less than 15 mm. long, sometimes wanting 62

61. Awn usually more than 35 mm. long 1 1 a B. maximus gussoni.

61. Awn usually less than 30 mm. long 13 B. sterilis.

62. Awn usually less than 3 mm. long 27 B. inermis.

62. Awn usually more than 3 mm. long 16a: B. ciliatus laeviglumis.

I. BROMUS PROPER.

A. Annuals or sometimes biennials vnth empty glumes rather broad and the flowering glume
broadly elliptic to oblong-elliptic. Species all introduced.

1. BROMUS SEC ALINUS L. Sp. PI. 1: 76. 1753. Serrafalcus secalinus Bah. Man.
Brit. Bot. 374. 1843. (Fig. 1.)

An erect annual. Culm 3-7 dm. high, smooth throughout or somewhat pubescent at
the nodes. Sheaths typically smooth, sometimes the lowest sparsely pilose-pubescent;

ligule about 1 mm. long, trun-
cate, somewhat irregularly den-
tate; blades mostly 1-2 dm.
long, linear-lanceolate, with
coarse, sparse hairs above,
smooth beneath. Panicle about
8-18 cm. long, at first erect,
the upjjer part drooping in
fruit, ijyramidal in outline;
lower hranches 3-5, unequal.
Spikelets uroid-lanceolate, becom-
iugsomcwhat laterally compressed
and turgid in fruit, 10-18 mm.
long,i 6-8 nun. bi'oad in fruit;
empty glumes smooth, obtuse,
the lower 4-6 nmi. long, 3-5-
nerved, the upper broader, 6-7
mm. long, 7-nerved; flowering
glumes 7-nerved, 6-8 mm. long,
elliptic, obtuse, smooth or sca-
brous, having the margin strongly
involute in fruit, shortly biden-
tate at the apex icith the undu-
late awn mostly 3-5 mm. long,
inserted al)out 1 nun. below
the ajiex; }xdea. equal to or
only very slightly shorter than its
glume.
General distribution: This species,
introduced from Europe, is
very generally dist r i b u t e d
throughout the United States.
(J. C. Parlin 566). Ontario: Gait (W.

rio. 1. — Bromus secalinus: a, spikelet.
Specimens examined. — Maine: N. Berwick

Herriott). Connecticut: Fairfield (E. H. Eames). Xew York: Oxford (F. Y

1 All measurements of spikelets and glumes are exclusive of the awns.

17

Coville). Pennsylvania: Philadelphia (I. C. Martindale 15 ) . Delaware: Centre-
ville (A. Commons 135, 136). Maryland: Rocky Springs (J. E. Miller). District
of Columbia: Washington (G. Vasey); (T. H. Kearney, jr.). Florida: Chipley
(R. Combs 684). Alabama: Tuskegee (G. W. Carver). Tennessee: Hiwassee
Gorge (T. H. Kearney, jr. 311). Oliio: Pittsfield (A. E. Ricksecker); Yomigs-
town (R. H. Ingraham). Indiana: Millers (L. M. Umbach). Michigan: Thmader
Bay Island (C. F. Wheeler). Wisconsin: Near Webster (L. S. Cheney 3430).
Mmnesota: Wilmar (W. D. Frost); Cannon Falls (J. H. Sandberg 327). Iowa:
MiiieTva (C. R. Ball 9); Ames (C. R. Ball 35, 150); Newmarket (B. Shimek 12).
3Iissouri: St. Louis (Drummond 647). Texas: Ennis (J.G.Smith); El Paso (E.

A. Mearnsl479, 1482). New Mexico: Cliff (J. K. Metcalfe). Arizona: Near Flag-
staff (D. T. McDougal 303). Utah: Provost (M. E. Jones 5499); Ogden (T. A.
Williams 2482); Salt Lake City (M. E. Jones 1009). Colorado: Estes Park (J.
Ball); near Silverton (C. L. Shear 1239). Wyoming: Near Beulah (David Grif-
liths405). Montana: Bozeman (P. A. Rydberg 2214; C. L. Shear 453); Garrison
(C. L. Shear 368). Idaho: Farmington Landing (Sandberg, Heller & McDougal
531); Forest (H. E. Brown 26). Washington: (Leiberg & Sandberg 399); Waits-
burg (R. M. Horner 564); Walla Walla (C. L. Shear 1557, 1597). Oregon.:
McMinnville (C. L. Shear 1618); Corvallis (M. Craig 9344). California: Dixie
Valley (J. B. Davy).

This plant is very closely related to several other species, especially B. racemosus and

B. arvensis. It differs from both in the character of the spikelet at maturity, the
florets being much spreading and the margin of the flowering glume being
strongly involute.

2. BROMUS RACEMOSUS L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 1 : 114. 1762. Serrafalcus racemosus
Pari. Rar. PL Sic. 2 : 14. 1840. (Fig. 2.)

All annual or biennial, with erect or ascending culm 3-7 dm. high, usually scabrous-

- . puberulentjust below the panicle and pubescent at the nodes. Sheaths rather densely
pilose-pubescent, at least the lower ones; ligule about 1 mm. long, lacerate-clentate;
blades linear, rather narrow, mostly 7-14 cm. long, pilose-pubescent below or on
both surfaces. Panicle typically simple sometimes with 2-3 branches below, mostly
somewhat nodduig. Spikelets 15-20 mm. long, usually drooping in fruit, at first
ovoid-lanceolate, becoming somewhat oblong-lanceolate, always acute, mostly
5-9-flowered; empty glumes broad, smooth or scabrous, the lowei 3-5-nerved,
5-6 mm. long, the upper broader, 6-7-nerved, 6-8 mm. long; flowering glume
ellii^tical, smooth, or scabrous, 7-nerved, 6-8 mm. long, very shortly bidentate at
the apex, with a straight awn 5-8 mm. long inserted about 1 mm. below the apex;
palea shorter than its glume. Introduced from Europe.

Specimens examined. — Cape Breton Island: New Camisbelltoii (D. White and Chas.
Schubert 28) . Maine : Foxcrof t (M. L. Fernald 565) . Pennsylvania : Bucks Co.
(N. L. Britton); Philadelphia (C. E. Smith 41). Delaware: Centreville (A.
Commons 137) .

The validity of this species is uncertain. The only thing in Linnteus's original descrip-
tion to distinguish it from other closely related forms is the following: ' ' Panicula
constat racemo simplici : ijedunculis alternis, saepius solitarius . . . ."

We have for the present accepted the interpretation and emendation of the species as
given by Mertens and Koch in "Roehling'sDeutschlands Flora 1-: 681." These
authors state that the growing plant shows the greatest resemblance to B. mollis.
It differs from that species, however, in its smooth spikelets and looser panicle.
From B. secalinus it is said to always differ in the fruiting condition in having
the margins of the flowering glumes flat and overlapping, or but very slightly
involute toward the base, instead of having the florets spread and the margins
strongly involute. It is also said to flower earlier and have more pubescence on
20796— No. 23 2

18

leaves and sheaths. Mnch of the material in the herbarium hitherto referred
to this species belongs to />. racemosus commutatufi and B. secalinus, and the western
material especially is in great part B. hordeaceus glahrescens, which is distinguished
by its denser panicle with shorter branches.
2a. BROMUS RACEMOSUS COMMUTATUS (Schrad.) Hook. f. Stud. Fl.
Brit. Isl. 451. 1870. Bromu-^ commutniths Schrad. Fl. Germ. 353. 1806.
Serrafalcm eommutatus Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. 374. 1843.
An annual or biennial, 3-7 dm. high, typically with a rather small panicle, but fre-
quently, under favorable conditions of growth, with a panicle as large as that of

B. aecalinus, but more droop-
ing. It differs from the spe-
cies in its rather larger spike-
lets and panicle, also rather
broader flowering glumes
with frequently a faint indi-
cation of an angle on the
margin just above the mid-
dle. The spikelets 2-2.5 cm.
long, 6-7 mm. wide, inter-
mediate in size between B.
racemosus and B. squarroftus;
from the latter it differs in its
straight awn also. From B.
arvensis it is separated bj' its
smaller drooping panicle and
larger spikelets.
Tliis plant seems to be quite gen-
erally intrt)duced through-
out the country, and espe-
cially in the East.
Specimens examined. — MassacJiu-
setts: Essex Co. (Oakes).
Connectinil : Fairfield (E. H.
Fames). Xe/r VorJ:: Ithaca
(F. V. Coville). Penasyl-
vania : Easton (T. C. Porter) .
Maryland: Marshall Hall (C.
L. Pollard 303). Olrin:
Oberlin (A. E. Kicksecker);
Painesville (W. C. Werner).
Tennessee : K n o x v i 1 1 e ( A .
Ruth). Michigan: Agricul-
tural College ( C. F. Wheeler ) .
Jowu: (L. H. Pammel 909).
Missouri: Sheffield (B. F.
Bush 599 ) . Wa.sh hu/ton : Pull-
.\. & E. G. Heller 3983).

Fig. 2. — Bromtis mnmosuf: a, lower portion of a .spikelet;
/), flowering glume, dorsal view.

man (A. I). E. Elmer 886); near Montesano (A
Oregon: Otis Creek (J. B. Lei berg 2338).

3. BROMUS HORDEACEUS L. S]). PI. 1: 77. 1753. Bromus mollis L. Sp. PI.
ed. 2. 1:112. 1762. ,SWT«/fl7cu.s ?/io///*' Pari. Fl. Ital. 1: .39.5. 1848. (Fig. 3.)

An erect or ascending annual or biennial irith n rallicr dense, erect panicle. Culms
about 2-8 dm. high, usually somewhat pubescent at the nodes. .Sheallis relrorsel;/
sofijiilose-piibescent ; ligule 1.5-2 mm. long, laciniate; blades linear, varying from

19

pilose-pubescent to nearly smooth, about 5-15 cm. long and 3-5 mm. broad.
Pnnidf contracted, narrow-pyramidal, 5-10 cm. long by 2-4 cm. broad; branches
somewhat spreading in flower. Spikelets 5-13-flowered, ovate-lanceolate, becom-
ing obtuse, 12-15 mm. long by 4-6 mm. wide, with short pedicels; empty glumes
l)road, obtuse, coam'lij pilose or scabrous-pubescent, the lower 3-5-nerved, 4-6 mm.
long, the upper 5-7-nerved, 7-8 mm. long; flowering glume broad, obtuse,
7-nerved, coarsely pilose or scabrous-pubescent, rather deeply bidentate, margin
and apex hyaline, 8-9 mm. long; awn rather stout, rough, flattened toward the
base, straight at first, frequently somevliat
twisted when old, about 6-9 mm. long;
palea a little more than | the length of its
glume.

A species native in southern Europe, intro-
duced into this country, where it is very
abundant on the Pacific coast, having taken
possession of vast areas of the deteriorated
semiarid range lands. It is also found
sparingly on the Atlantic coast from Maine
to Virginia.

Specimens examined. — Maine: N. Berwick
(J. C. Parlin 567). New York: Aurora
(F. V. Coville in 1885). Penns(//ram«.- Phil-
adelphia (I. C. Martindale 13 and 14).
Delaware: Centerville (A. Commons 1.33).
Ohio: Oberlin (A. E. Ricksecker 1895).
Montana: Garrison (P. A. Rydberg 2126).
rtah: Ogden (T. A. Williams 2495).
Idaho: Clear Water River (Sandberg,
Heller, McDougal 167). Washingtou:
Walla Walla (C. L. Shear 1585; E. P.
Sheldon 8140); Tacoma (A. B. Leckenby
in 1898); Cascade Mts. (G. R. Vasey iii
1889; Sandberg & Leiberg 172); Seattle
(C. V. Piper 796). Oregon: Lexington
(J. B. Leiberg 10). (''difor)tia : fian Fvru-
cisco (M. E. Jones 3270); Marin Co. (Dr.
E. Palmer 2032, 2033); Berkeley (J. W.
Blankinship 64); Santa Cruz (Dr. Ander-
son in 1887); INIorley Station (J. B. Davy
1894) ; San Jose (H. A. Brainard in 1896);
Pitt River (H. E. Brown 224); Mt. Shasta
(H. E. Brown 374b).

There being nothing in the original descrip-
tions of these species to separate them, we
have adopted the older name on the author-
ity of INIunro, who states in his jiaper on

Fig. 3. — Bromus liordeaceus : a, empty
glumes; b, flowering glume; r, pulea.

•'The (irasses of Linnseus's Herba-

specimens of the two, B. hordeaceus and B. mollis, are

3a

rium'" that Linnseus'
the same.

BROMUS HORDEACEUS INTERMEDIUS (Guss.) n. comb. Bromus
intermidius Guss. Fl. Sic. Prod. 1 : 114. 1827. Serrafalcus intermedius Pari. Rar.

PI. Sic. 2 : i;

1840.

This differs from the species only in its slightly larger panicle and spikelets ^nd awns,
wiiich are twisted and divaricate when mature and dry.

1 Proceedings of the Linnrean Society— Botany, 6: 46. 1861.

20

Represented iu the herbarium by a single specimen collected by Dr. L. D. Morse
along a walk in San Mateo, California, June, 1898.

3/i. BROMUS HORDEACEUS GLABRESCENS (Ooss.) n. comb. Bromus
mollis glabrescens Coss. Fl. Descr. Par. 654. 1845.

This differs from the species in having the spikelets glabrous or only scabrous

throughout.
Like the species it is introduced on the east and west coasts.

Specimens Examined. — Delaware: Millsboro (A. Commons 132). District of Columbia:
N. E. Washington (F. Blanchard). California: Marin County (Dr. E. Palmer

2033); New York Falls (G. Hansen
2080); San Francisco (Bolander).
Oregon: Bonneville (W. M. Canby
26). Washington.: Pullman (A. D. E.
Ehner 876); no locality (E. P. Shel-
don 8205 and G. R.Vasey).
4. BROMUS ARVENSIS L. Sp. PI.
1 : 77. 1753. Serrafalcus arvensis
Pari. Fl. Ital. 1 : 393. 1848. (Fig. 4. )

A tufted annual or biennial, somewhat
geniculate at the base. Culm nearly
or quite glabrous, about 3-6 dm.
high. Sheaths densely soft pubescent;
ligule about 2 mm. long, lacerate;
blades linear, pubescent both sides.
Panicle effuse, broad, apex some-
what drooping; lotver rays mostly
4-8. Spikelets terete-acuminate at
first, becoming slightly laterally
compressed when old, about 7-11-
fiowered, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 3-4 mm.
broad, smooth or minutely scabrous
throughout; empty glumes broad;
the lower subacute 3-5-nerved, 4-5
mm. long; the upper about 7-nerved,
obtuse, 5-6 mm. long; flowering
glume 7-8 mm. long, broad, obtvise
with the broad hyaline margin j)roject-
ing slightly into an obtuse angle just
above the middle; apex hyaline,
emarginate; awn inserted below the
apex, 7-10 mm. long, straight or
slightly twisted when old; palea shorter
than its glume.
Type from Europe.

Introduced into this country in a few
localities. Dr. Beal, in "Grasses of
North America," reports it from New Jersey and Michigan. The only Ameri-
can specimens we have seen are the following: Missouri: Sheffield, common
along railroads (B. F. Bush 577 and 588).
This can scarcely be satisfactorily separated from B. patulus M & K., which see
for the points of difference usually noted. It is also close to B. racenwsm
conimutatus.

Fig. i.— Bromus arvensin: a, empty glumes; b,
part of a spikelet with the lower florets open show-
ing the palese.

21

5. BROMUS PATTJLUS M. & K. in Roehl. Deutsfh. Fl. 1:684. 1823. Serror
/a/«(.s>;)a/»/Hs Pari. Fl. Ital. 1:394. 1848. (Fig. 5.)

An annual or biennial with culms smooth, erect, or somewhat geniculate at the base,
about 4-6 dm. high. Sheaths softly pubescent; ligule 2-3 mm. long, subtrun-
cate, laciniate-dentate; blades linear-lanceolate, pubescent throughout. Pan-
icle 12-20 cm. long, very broadly pyramidal, diffuse, somewhat drooping; lower
branches 3-5, slender, smooth; spikelets on slender pedicels, drooping, lanceo-
late to ovoid-lanceolate, terete at first, 2-2.5 cm. long, 5-6 mm. broad, becom-
ing somewhat laterally compressed at maturity, smooth throughout; empty
glumes rather broad, the
lower narrower, acute,
3-nerved, 4-6 mm. long; the
upper obtuse, 5-nerved, 6-8
mm. long; flowering glume
9-nerved, the marginal ones
faint, 7-9 mm. long, broad,
obtuse, with a hyaline mar-
gin obtusely angled above the
middle and an emarginate
apex; awn 8-10 mm. long,
stout, somewhat tivisted and
strongly divaricate at maturity,
inserted below the apex;
palea conspicuously shorter
than its glume.

Type from Austria.

Introduced in this country in a
few places.

Specimens examined. — Massa-
chusetts: waste ground, Bos-
ton (C. W. Swan). South
Dakoliu. Brookings (T. A.
Williams). Colorado: Fort
Collins (L. H. Pammel).

A species intermediate between
B. arvensisa,ndB. squarrostis.
From the former it is dis-
tinguished by its somewhat
larger, more compressed
spikelets, rather stouter
awn, strongly divergent at
maturity, and earlier flower-
ing period. From the lat-
ter it is distinguished by its
narrower spikelets, larger
panicle, and less conspicuous angle at the margin of the flowering glume. Per-
haps but a variety of B. arvensis.

6. BROMUS SaUARROSUS L. Sp. PI. 1 : 76. 1753. Serrafalms squarrosus Bab.

Man. Brit. Bot. 375. 1843. (Fig. 6.)
A more or less tufted annual, 2-4 dm. high with a short, somewhat nodding panicle and
densely soft pilose sheaths. Culms erect or slightly geniculate at the base, smooth.
Sheaths densely retrorsely pilose-pubescent; ligule about 1 mm. long; blades
linear, about 8-15 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, softly pubescent on both sides. Pan-
icle usually 6-12 cm. long, open, branches ascending or drooping, frequently flex-

FiG. 5. — Bromus patulus : a, empty glumes; 6, flowering
glume.

22

uous. Spikelets oblong to oblong ovoid, turgid, 6-12-flowered, 15-20 mm. long;
empty glumes broad, obtuse, glabrous, the lower 3- or indistinctly 5-nerved,
|-| the length of the upper, the upper 7-9-nerved, 6-8 mm. long; flowering glume
very broad, 7-9-nen-ed, ohime, with a Inroad scarious margin somewhat obtusely
angled al:)ove the middle, glabrous or minutely scabrous, apex minutely notched;
awn ratlnr Htont, attached below the apex, about the length of the glume, somewhat
twisted and divergent, espccialbj at niatarity; palea a little shorter than its glume.
Adventive from Europe. Has been found in waste places on the eastern coast sec.

Britton and Brown, " Illustrated Flora."
Type in Linnseus's herbarium.

Specimens examined: A single specimen in the National Herbarium collected at
Lansingburg, New York, by Dr. E. C. Howe in 1886, has been referred to this spe-
cies, though it is not
typical but approaches
very closely B. secalinus
and arvensix.
7. BROMUS BRIZ^-
FORMIS Fisch. &Mey.
Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop.
3:30. 1837. (Fig. 7.)

An erect annual with rather
slender culms and large
drooping, hriz sef o r m
spikelets. Culms about
3-6 dm. high, smooth or
sUghtly pubescent at the
nodes. Sheaths with a
soft, short-pilose pubes-
cence, especially the
lower ones; ligule about
2 mm. long, somewhat
laciniate; Ijlades linear,
usually pubescent on
both sides. Panicle 5-25
cm. long, lax, secund,
mostly nodding. Spike-
lets a b o u t 15-25 mm.
broad, oblong-ovoid, lat-
erally much cotnpressed;
empty glumes broad, ob-
tuse, smooth or minutely
scabrous, frequently
purplish, lower 3-5-
nerved, about one-half
the length of the upper,
which is broader, 5-9-
nerved and 6-8 mm.
long; flowering glume
about 1 cm. long, very broad, obtuse, smooth or slightly scabrous, with a broad
scarious margin; awn none or sometimes present, especially on the upper flower-
ing glumes, terminal, 1-2 mm. long; palea not quite equaling the glume, sparsely
pectinate-ciliate on the keels.
Introduced. Most frequently met with on the west coast.
Type locality "in moutibus Taliisch." (Caucausus Region?)

Fig. 6. — Bromtis squarrosus : a, lower portion of a spikelet; t, dorsal
view of a flowering glume.

28

Speci.mexs examined. — Massachusetts (ex herb. W. P. Alcott in 1880). New York:
Ithaca (W. R. Dudley in 1884). Delaware: Wihiiington (A. Commons 339 in
1898). Montana: (F. Lamson-Scribner 97 in 1883). Idaho: Lewiston (A. A. &
E. G. Heller 3203 in 1896; L. F. Henderson 4635 in 1894); Viola (Sandberg,
Heller & McDougal 482 in 1892); Coeur d'Alene Mountains (J. B. Leiberg 1006
in 1895). Utah: Echo (P. A. Rydberg2353 in 1895) ; Salt Lake City (L. H. Pam-
mel 197 in 1899). Nevada: Reno (S. M. Tracy 194 in 1887). Washington:
Waitsburg ( R. M. Horner 563 in 1897) ; Pullman ( A. D. E. Elmer 371 in 1896; 876
in 1897) ; Wawawai (C. V. Piper 1739 in 1894) . Oregon : Prineville (J. B. Leiberg
308 in 1894). California: Near Mount Shasta (Dr. E. Palmer 2647 in 1892).

8. BROMTJS SCOPARITJS L.

Cent. PI. 1:6. 1755. Serraf al-
ms scoparius Pari. Fl. Pal. 1 : 174.

1845. (Fig. 8.)

An annual with rather slender,

smooth, nearly erect culms

about 2-3 dm. high. Sheaths

sparsely pilose or nearly smooth;

ligule about 1 mm. long, lacini-

ate-dentate; blades linear, 6-12

cm. long, mostly pilose above

and smooth beneath. Panicle

dense, oblong or ovate, obtuse, erect,

3-6 cm. long, 1-3 an. broad;

branches very short. Spikelets

very short-pedicellate, oblong-
lanceolate, 5-11-flowered, 10-18

mm. long; empty glumes gla-
brous or slightly scabrous on the

nerves, the lower acute, 1-3-

nerved, 4-5 mm. long, the upper

3-nerved, broader, 5-6 mm.

long; flowering glume 7-8 mm.

long, 5-nerved, varying from

typically smooth to sometimes

scabrous - pubescent, bidentate

at the membranous apex; aivn

twisted, divaricate, 7-8 mm. long

inserted 1.5-2 mm. below the apex;

palea about 1 mm. shorter than

its glume with the keels re-
motely ciliate-pectinate.
Type from Spain.

Indigenous in the Mediterranean region of Europe and Africa, adventive

fornia.
We have only one specimen in the herbarium, collected by J. W. Congdon,
posa, California.

II. NEOBROMUS n. subgen.

Fig. 7. — Bromus brizxformis : a, a spikelet; 6,
glumes; c, flowering glume; d, palea,

empty

in Cali-
at Mari-

Floivering glumes lanceolate, deeply bifid; awn twisted and bent below the middle.
The following species is the type of this subgenus:

9. BROMTJS TRINII Desv. in Gay Fl. Chil. 6: 441. 1853. Trisetum hirtum Trin.
Linueea, 10: 300. 1835. '^otB.hirtusLichtst 1817. Trisetum barbatumStend.

24

Syn. PI. Gram. 229. 1854. Bromus barhatoides Bea\, Grass.'N. A. 2: 61i. 1896.
Avena symphicarpi Trin. mss. (p.p.) sec. Desvaux 1 . c. . ( Fig. 9. )
An erect c.espitose annual, usually branching below, mostly 3-6 dm. higli. C!ulm
smooth or pubescent at the nodes. Sheath usually pilose-pubescent, sometimes
nearly smooth; ligule rovmded or subtruncate, dentate, about 1mm. long; blades
linear to linear-lanceolate, 6-1-5 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, mostly pilose-pubescent
throughout, sometimes nearly smooth. Panicle usually narrow and somewhat
crowded suberect, 8-20 cm. long; branches rather numerous, slender, ascending
or diverging in fruit. Spikelets narrow, lanceolate at first, becoming spread and

oblong lanceolate in flower and
fruit, vtosthj 5-7-floivered, 1.5-2 cm.
long; empty glumes lanceolate,
acununate, or with a subulate pro-
longation, smooth, the lower 1-
nerved, rarely 3-nerved, 8-11 mm.
long, the upper broader, 3-nerved,
rarely 5-nerved, 13-16 nmi. long;
flowering glume coarfely and suh-
sparsely pubescent, 5-nerved, 12-15
mm. long, acuminate, with two nar-
row teeth 2-S mm. long; the pubes-
cence on the callus is usually
slightly denser and longer than on
the glume; awn 15-20 mm. long,
twisted below, bent below the middle
and strongly divaricate when old.
Type from Chile.

General distribution : California to Colo-
rado and south to Chile.
Specimens examined. — Utah : Sitgreaves
Pass, Camp 60 (Ives Expedition).
Nevada: Near Horse Spring (M. E.
Jones 5069f); valley of Virgin
River, Lincoln County (Coville &
Fiinston 1907). California: Los
Angeles (S. M. Tracy 163; Kellogg
& Harford 1087, 1094) ; near Pasa-
dena (O.D.Allen, April 12, 1885);
Panamint jNIountains, Inyo County
(Coville & Funston 506); near San
Francisco (Bolander 6128).
This plant is apparently related to B.
scoparius and B. tectorunt, though
differing in some respects from all
species of Bromus and showing
close relationship with Triseiwm and Avena, to both of which genera forms of it
have been referred. It appears to us, however, nearest to Bromus by reason of
its rather large numerous flowered spikelets, nearly closed sheath, and plicate
grain adhering to the palea.

9a. BROMUS TRINII PALLIDIFLORUS Desv. in Gay Fl. Chil. 6: 441. 1853.
Bromus barbaioidcs stdcatits Beal, Grass. N. A. 2: 615. 1896. Trisetuni barbaium
major Vas. in herb, and Beal 1. c.

Fig. 8^— Bromus scoparius: a, empty glumes; b, portion
of a spikelet, showing flowering glumes.

25

A more robust and larger plant, 6-12 <ini. high, with a much elongated panicle
mostly 2-4 dm. long; with branches mostly 6-12 at the lower whorls, weak and
spreading; leaves broadly linear lanceolate, smooth or somewhat sparsely pilose-
pubescent, as are also the sheaths.

Ty])e from the Andes of southern Chile.

General distribution: Southern California to southern Chile.

Specimens examined. — California: Near Pasadena (O. D. Allen in 1885); Chollos
Valley, San Diego (C. E. Orcutt 1064); San Diego (D. Cleveland in 1882); San
Nicholas Island (Blanche Trask 15).

9/:;. BBOMUS TRINII EX-
CELSUS n. var.

A stout perennial (?) 5-7 dm. high.
Leaves and sheaths short
pilose - pubescent. Panicle
rather narrow, nearly erect
1.5-2 dm. long; branches nu-
merous, ascending, 2-8 cm.
long. Spikelets oblong-lanceo-
late, carinate, 2-2.5 cm. long,
5-6 mm. wide; empty glumes
lanceolate-acuminate, smooth,
the lower 3-nerved, 13-15 mm.
long; flowering glume 7-
nerced, 10-12 mm. long, sparse-
ly pilose-pubescent, bidentate
at the acute apex; teeth 1-2
mm. long; awn 10-12 mm.
long, somewhat twisted at the
base, and divaricate.

Type iNo. 522, collected by Coville
& Funston in the Panamint
Mountains, InyoCoimty, Cali-
fornia; altitude 1,700 m.

This plant, which is the only one
of this form seen, is somewhat
anomalous and may prove to
be a good species. The spike-
lets and glumes are conspicu-
ously wider than in the
species, the florets more
crowded, and the awn shorter.

III. STENOBKOMUS Griseb.

Fig. 9. — Bromus trinii: a, empty glumes; 6, portion of a

Annual or biennial plants, with 'P^''^^'^* showing flowering glumes.

mostly 7iarrow spikelets and glumes and rather long aums. Chiefly natives of the Mediterra-
nean region of Europe and Africa. Introduced in this country.

10. BROMUS MADRITENSIS L. Cent. PL 1 : 5. 1755. (Fig. 10.)

A tufted annual, with an erect, rather dense panicle. Culm 3-7 dm. high, erect or
somewhat geniculate at the base, smooth. Sheaths smooth or the lower slightly
pubescent; ligule about 2 mm. long, subtruncate and lacerate; blades linear,
puberulent or nearly smooth, 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide. Panicle erect, 6-12
cm. long, oblong-ovoid in outline, lower branches 2-4, 1-3 cm. long, unequal, some-

26

what spreading in flower, slender and somewhat swollen at the base of the
spikelets. Spikelets 3-4 cm. long exclusive of awns, nearly smooth to scabrous-
puberulent, 7-11 flowered; empty glmnes lanceolate, acuminate, the lower
1-nerved, 9-12 mm. long, the upper 3-nerved, 13-16 mm. long; flowering glume
linear-lanceolate, 15-18 mm. Jong, usually glabrous or merely scabrous, somewhat
curved outward when old, distinctly 3 or faintly 5-7-nerved, with two acute
hyaline teeth, 2-3 mm. long, and a rather xt out, tapering, rough, aomewhat curved
awn about 16-2-2 mm. long; palea reaching about to the point of the insertion of
the awn, pectinate-ciliate on the keels,
species introdut'ed from Europe rather widely distributed in California and

reported from Michigan by
Beal in "Grasses of North
America."
Specimens examined. — California:
San Jose (H. A. Brainard) ;
near Antioch (J. Burtt Davy
111) ; Ft. Tejon (S. B. Parish
1994) ; New York Falls, Ama-
dor County (Geo. Hansen
2123).
11. BROMUS MAXIMUS
Desf. Fl. Atl. 1: 95. t. 26.
1798. (Fig. 11.)

An erect or ascending annual, 2-4
dm. high, with a smooth culm.
Sheaths pilose-pubescent; li-
gule 3-4 mm. long, rounded
above, lacerate; blades flat,
linear, 3-5 mm. broad and
about 2-3 dm. long, pilose
both sides. Panicle erect,
somewhat secmid and nar-
row, open in flower, closing
more or less afterwards, 5-10
cm. long, lower branches 2-3,
about 1 .2 cm. long, bearing
1-2 spikelets. Spikelets usu-
ally 5-7 -flowered, 3.5-5 cm.
long, exclusive of the awns,
terete or somewhat laterally
compressed at maturity; emp-
ty glumes smooth, lanceolate,
acuminate, the lower 15-20
mm. long, strongly 1-nerved,
margin hyaline, the upper
broader, 25-30 mm. long,
prominently 3-nerved; flowering glume 5-nerved, 25-30 mm. long, harshly sca-
brous to scabrous-puberulent, 2-toothed at the apex ; teeth hyaline, acute, about
3-4 nun. long, awn stout, 3.5-4-5 cm. long, very rough, tapering toward the end,
inserted just below the teeth; palea somewhat shorter than its glume; rachilla
slender, puberulent, about 3 mm. long.
Tj'pe from northern Africa

Specimens examined. — California: Stanford University (C. Ritter 305) ; (J. B. Davy
in 1894) .

Fig. 10. — Bromus madritensis : a, empty glumes and two
lower florets; b, flowering glume with part of the awn.

27

There are several names antedating the above which are regarded by some European
authorities as synonymous. B. rigidus Roth, Eoem. & Ust. Mag. Bot. 10: 21.
1790 is one. This has been adopted by Dr. Beal (Grass. N. A. 2: 611. 1896).
A careful study of the original description of this species, however, leads us to
l)elieve that the plant should at least l)e separated as a ^'ariety. The following
quotations from Roth's description 1. c. indicate the chief points of difference:
"Culmi . . primus erecti, denuim procumbentes, panicula . . spiculis . .10 ad
12 tloribus conipositis; corol he valvula exterior . . hirsuta."
The most important difference between our plants as well as the European speci-
mens examined and the above
description is in the hirsute flow-
ering glume. Mertensand Koch
in Roehl. Deutsch. Fl. 1: 689.
1823, say that they received a
specimen from Roth himself hav-
ing smooth spikelets, thus show-
ing that he regarded such forms
as belonging to his species. Not-
withstanding this these authors,
1. c, p. 691, regard B. ma.rimvf<
as at least varietally separate from
B. rigidns, so it seems to us best
to retain for the present for our
plant Desfontaine's name. Brn-
mus incraiisatnii Lam. Ene. 1 :
468. 1783, and B. rigen.9 L. Mant.
1 : 33. 1767, are also doubtful syn-
onyms.

11a. BROMUS MAXIMUS
GUSSONIParl. Fl. Ital. 1:
407. 1848. Bromm gussoni
Pari. Rar. PI. Sic. 2: 8.
1840. Bromus sierilis Guss.
Fl. Sic. Prod. Suppl. 1 : 27.
1832. Not L. 1753.

Differs from the species in its

larger size, 4-7 dm. tall,

larger and more lax panicle,

1-2 dm. long, with the upper

part somewhat drooping.
An introduced plant occurring in

Arizona, California, and

Washington.

Speci mens examined. — Arizona :
Near Fort Huachuca (T. E.
Wilcox 172) ; Huachuca Mt.

(J. G. Lemnion and wife 3107). California: Avakju, Santa Catalina Island
(Blanche Trask in 1898) ; San Francisco (Bolander) ; San Jose (H. A. Brainard,
in 1896) ; San Diego (C. R. Orcutt 1059) ; Woodland (J. W. Blankinship 39 and
40) ; Berkeley County (J. W. Blankinship 38) ; Clear Creek, Butte County (H. E.
Brown 199) ; Chico (E. Palmer 2034) ; New York Falls, Amador County (G. Han-
sen 598) ; near San Bernardino (J. B. Leiberg 3323 ) . Washington: Tacoma (A. B.
Leckenby in 1898).

Fig. 11. — Bromus maximus : a, empty glumes with ii floret;
6, flowering glume with portion of the awn.

28

12. BROMTJS RUBENS L. Cent. PI. 1: 5. 1755. Festucn ruheux 'PtTi'. Syn. PI. 1:

94. 1805. (Fig. 12.)
A rather slender, tufted annual. Culm about 2-5 dm. high, erect or slightly genic-
ulate at the base, puberulent toward the top. Sheaths pubescent, ligule 1-2
mm. long, laciniate-dentate; blades 3-15 cm. long, linear-lanceolate, pubescent
both sides. Panicle erect, compact, ovoid, usually purplish, about 4-7 cm. long.
Spikelets mostly 7-11-flowered, 2-2.5 cm. long; empty glumes acuminate, smooth
to scabrous, pubescent, the lowei- narrow, 1-nerved, 7-9 mm. long, the upper
broader, 3-nerved, 10-12 mm. long; flowering glume 13-16 mm. long, lanceolate
acute, 5-nerved, scabrous to appressed, scabrous-pubescent, somewhat bent out-
ward when mature, apex deeply cleft into two long-acuminate hyaline teeth 4-5 mm.

long; axon straight, 18-21 mm. long;
palea reaching about to the point
of insertion of the awn, longciliate-
pectinate on the keels.
A species from the Mediterranean re-
gion of Europe introduced on the
Pacific coast and reported by Beal
as being found in Kansas. A sin-
gle specimen has been seen from
the Atlantic coast on wool waste
near Boston, Mass.
Specimens examined. — California, : Vol-
cano, Amador County (George
Hansen 2078 ) ; near Santa Ana ( A.
Davidson 1973) ; Santa Catalina
Island (Blanche Trask 12; T. A.
Brandegee); Berkeley (J. AV.
Blankiuship 36); Capay (J. W.
Blankinship 37) . Oregon: Gilliam
County (J. B. Leiberg 163) . Massa-
chusetts: N. Billerica(C. W. Swan).
This species is closely related to B.
madritensis, but is smaller through-
out and has a more compact panicle.

13. BROMUS STERILIS L. Sp. PL

1: 77. 1753. Scliedonorus sterilis

Fr. Summ. Veg. Scand. 1: 76.

1846-49. (Fig. 13.)

An annual or biennial with rather

stout, smooth, erect or ascending

culms, 5-10 dm. high, more or less

geniculate or curved at the base.

Sheaths mostly pubescent; ligule

1-1.5 mm. long, laciniate; blades broadly linear, usually pubescent throughout.

Panicle i-;? f?»i. long, broad, lax, drooping ; lower branches 2-0, loiig and slender,

rarely bearing more than one spikelet. Spikelets drooping, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, 6-10-

flowered, linear-elliptical before flowering, becoming oblong and enlarged upward

during flowering, and finally oblong-cuneiform with flattened sides and subdis-

tant florets; empty glumes lanceolate-subulate, smooth ar scabrous, the lower

1-nerved, 7-9 mm. long, the upper 3-nerved, 11-13 mm. long; flowering glume

linear-lanceolate, 5-7-nerved, 17-20 mm. long, scabrous or scabrous-puberulent,

deeply bidentate; teeth hyaline, subulate, about 2 mm. long; awn stout, tapering,

very rough, 2-3 cm. long; palea considerably shorter than its glume.

Fig. 12. — Bromusrubens: n, empty glumes; 6, portion
of a spikelet showing flowering glume with portion of
the awn, also the palea.

29

A species introduced from southern Europe, quite frequent on the Atlantic and

Pacific coasts.
Specimens examined. — Massachusetts : Boston (C. W. Swan) . New York: Taughannock

(K. M. "Wiegand; F. V. Coville). Pennsylvania: Easton (A. P. Garber; T. C.

Porter); Philadelphia (C.E.Smith 40). Delaware: Wilmington (A. Commons

17) . District of Columbia: North Brookland (T. Holm) . Ohio: Painesville (W. C.

Werner). British Columbia: Vancouver Island (J. Macoun 117). Washington:

Pullman (C. V. Piper 2554) ; Walla Walla (C. L. Shear 1616).
14. BROMUS TECTORUM L. Sp. PI. 1: 77. 1753. Schedonorus terlorum Fr.

Summ. Veg. Scand. 1 : 76.

1846-49. (Fig. 14.)

A tufted annual mostlj' 3-6 dm.
high, erect or somewhat gen-
iculate at the base. Culm
smooth, rather slender.
Sheaths i)ubescent; ligule
membranous, 2-3 mm. long,
much torn; blades linear,
narrow, mostly pubescent
throughout. Panicle broad,
rather dense, seaind, droop-

ing, about 6-15

cm.

long,

branches subcapiUary. Spike-
lets nodding, linear at first,

spreading above in flower

and becoming cuneiform,

L3-;^0 mm. long; empty

glumes acute, scabrous or

pubescent, the lower nar-
row, 1-nerved, 4-6 mm.

long, the upper 3-nerved,

broader, 8-10 mm. long;

flowering glume lanceolate,

acute, .scabrous-pubescent

to short pilose-pubescent,

5-nerved, 11-13 mm. long

with two narrow hyaline

teeth at the apex and a

straight aum about 13-15 mm.

long; palea shorter than its

glume.
A species from Europe quite

generally distributed in this

country, especially in waste

places about cities.
Specimens examined. — Massachusetts: Cambridge (J. W. Blankinship; A. K. Harrison

28); Essex County (W. P. Conant). Rhode Island: Providence (J. F. Collins).

New Jersey: Weehauken (Wm. N. Van Sickle). Pennsylvania: Easton (T. C.

Porter). i>eZfaran'.- Wilmington (A. Commons 16). District of Columbia: Wash-
ington (C. L. Pollard 426). Virginia: Alexandria (T. Holm). Indiana: Pine

(L. M. Umbach) . Mississippi: Starkville (S. M. Tracy 1746) . Colorado: Fort

Collins (E. D. Ball; C. S. Crandall 526). Utah: Ogden (T. A. Williams 2496);

Provost (M. E. Jones 5503) . Washington: (Sandberg & Leiberg 191) ; Pasco
(A. D. E. Ehner 1047) .
This species is nearly related to B. sterili.'t, but is much smaller in every way and

has a denser panicle.

Fig. 13. — Bromus sterilin : a, Empty glumes and a floret; 6,dorsal
view of a flowering glume with portion of the awn.

30

IV. ZERNA Panz. emend.

Nearly all native short-lived perennials, vith but few exceptions, hairing a iveak drooping
panicle and more or less jmbescent flowering glumes, frequently with tlie pubescence unevenly

distributed.

A. Panicle lax and drooping.

15. BROMTJS RAMOSTJS Hurls. Fl. Angl. ed. 1. 40. 1762. Bromus asper Murr.
Prod. Stirp. G6tt. 42. 1770. (Fig. 15.)

A rather stout, erect, loosely csespitose
perennialwith a rather long, loose,
nodding panicle. Culms about
10-15 dm. high, smooth or slightly
rough pubescent just below the
nodes, rather slender. Sheaths
shorter than the internodes, clothed
vith abundant, rather stiff subretrorse
hairs; ligule about 2 mm. long, laci-
niate; blades broadly linear, about
2-3 dm. long and 8-12 nun. wide,
sparsely pilose on the nerves be-
neath, harshly scabrous or sub-
pilose above. Panicle 2-3 dm.
long, open, loose, the branches dis-
tant, usually drooping. Spikelets
about 6-10-flowered, narrow, 2-3
cm. lo)ig; empty glumes narrow,
scabrous on the nerves, lower
1-nerved, a little more than one-
half the length of the ujjper, upper
3-nerved, acute or mucronate, 9-11
mm. long; flowering glume 1^^-15
mm . long, acute, two-toothed at the
apex, scarious margined, distinctly
3-nerved, scabrous on the verves,
shortly hispid from the outer
nerves to the margin and on the
lower portion of the keel; awn
slender, straight, 7-9 mm. long;
palea a little more than tJiree-fourths
the length of its glume, ciliate-pecti-
nate on the keels.
A species introduced from Europe. It
Fig. l4.-iiram(«s <fctoj-»/H.u, Empty glumes; 6, por- Is said in Britton and Brown's
tion of a spikelet showing flowering glumes and portion "Illustrated Flora" to be distrib-

of the awns. ^ted from New Brunswick t(^ M ichi-

gan and Kentucky. We have no American specimens in the National Her) )arium,
and have drawn the above description from European material. Dr. H. Trimen
( Journ. Bot. 8 : 376. 1870) has been followed in adopting Hudson's name for this
plant, which does not seem to have been different from Murray's. (Cf. Dr.
Trimen 1. c. for further synonymy.)
This species is very closely related to B. ciliatus and has possibly been confused with
it. It is usually distinguished by its rougher pilose-hispid sheaths and longer
flowering glume and awn. The panicle is usually looser and with fewer spikelets.

31

16. BROMUS CILIATUS L. Sp. PI. 1: 76.

Am. 1: 6.5. 1803. (Fig. 16.)

1753. Bromim rnnndensifi Mx. Fl. Bor.

A tall, rather slender, leafy perennial with a broad, lax, drooping panicle. Culms

erect, smooth or slightly pubescent at the dark nodes, about 7-12 dm. high.

Sheaths retrorsely short-pilose or nearly smooth, coarsely striate; ligule very

shorl, rarely exceeding 1 mm.; blades rather broadly linear-lanceolate, weak, about

2.5-3.5 dm. long and 1 cm. broad, typically sparsely pilose on both sides, but

sometimes almost smooth. Panicle very broadly pyramidal, about 1.5-2.5 dm.

long; lower branches 2-4 long, slender, flexuous, drooping. Spikelets narrow,

5-9-tlowered, 15-22 mui. long on

slender, flexuous pedicels; empty

glumes narrow, smooth; the lower

1-nerved, acute, 5-8 mm. long; the

upper broader, obtuse, 8-11 mm.

long, 3-nerved; flowering glumes

narrow, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse

and slightly bifid at the apex, dis-
tinctly 3 or faintly 5-7-nerved,

ciliate-pubescent on each side from

the outer nerve to the margin for

about three-fourths the length, 10-12

mm. long; awn slender, straight,

3-5 mm. long; palea narrow,

nearly equaling the glume; ra-

chilla slender, thinly pubescent.
General distribution: Newfoundland

to New York, west to Manitoba

and ^Minnesota.
Type grown at Upsala, Sweden, from

seed sent from Canada by Kalm.
Specimens examined.— Neufoundland:

Shoal Point (A. Waghorne 49);

Chimney Cove (A. Waghorne 48);

Exploits River (Robinson and

Schrenk inl894). Northmst Ter-
ritory: Severn River (J. M. Ma-

coun in 1886). Manitoba: Bran-
don (J. M. Macoun 13042 ) . Maine:

East Auburn (E. D. Merrill 18,

24, 33, 34); ex herb. M. S. C.

(Jackman 6); Van Buren (M. L.

Fernald 195); Cape Elizabeth (E.

E. Gayte 873). Ken' Hampshire:

Jaffrey (B. L. Robinson 336).

Vermont: Manchester (M. A. Day

214,217). Massachusetts: Ipswich

(Oakes). New York: McKenzie Pond (C. H. Peck 9); South Branch (F.

Tweedy in 1879); (W. R. Dudley in 1884); Lebanon Springs (A. K. Harrison

44); Oriskany (Geo. Vasey in 1841). Michigan: Keweenaw Point (F. E. Wood

3515); Rochester (0. A. Farwell 536a — a small form). Wisconsin: Tomahawk

(L. S. Cheney 2198). Mlnne.^ota: (F. F. Wood 1889).
Linnaeus's good description of this species leaves little chance for doubt as to the

identity of the plant. According to Dr. Gray, Bromus kalmii in Linnaeus's her-

FiG. 15. — Bromus ramosus: a, Empty glumes;
b, the florets.

32

barium is labelled B. ciliatus, and this fact led to some confusion by Muhlenberg
and Torrey. Our plant is very closely related to B. ramosus. In the Black UWh,
Manitoba, and Nortliwe.st Territory it passes by various intermediate forms
through B. richardsoid pallidus into B. richardsoni. It is also connected by vari-
ous gradations with B. purgans, so that like nearly all of our species it can only
be separated arbitrarily.
16a. BROMUS CILIATUS L^VIGLTJMIS Scribn. in herb. n. var.
This differs from the species chiefly in having the flowering glumes entirely smooth
or with a very slight amount of pubescence on the margin at the base. The
type specimen has a somewhat narrower and less drooping panicle than the

species, but other plants re-
ferred to below have about the
typical B. ciUafus panicle.
Type collected by W. Herriott,
Gait, Ontario, Canada, July,
1898.
Specimens examined. — Maine :
Dead River (Fernald & Strong
488) . North Carolina : Magnetic
City (A. G. Weatherby 197 and
140) ; Swain County (Beardslee
&Kofoid9).
17. BROMUS RICHARDSONI
Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 281.
1833. Bromus purfjans longi-
spicata Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2:
262. 1840. Bromus ciliatus
scariosus Scribn. U. S. Dept.
Agr. Div. Agros. Bui. 13: 46.
1898. (Fig- 17.)
An erect, robust, tufted, short-lived
perennial, about 6-13 dm. high.
Culm smooth. Sheaths typic-
ally smooth below and pilose
at the throat, sometimes scant-
ily pilose throughout; ligule
truncate, lacerate, 1-2 mm.
long; blades linear-lanceolate,
15-25 cm. long and about 5-12
mm. broad, mosthj scabrous
aboveand glabrousbeneath. Pan-
icle usually large, effuse, and
drooping, about 15-25 cm. long.
Spikelets drooping terete-acuminate at first, becoming oblong-lanceolate and
laterally compressed, mostly i^-o cm. long, 6-11-flowered; empty glumes smooth,
the lower acuminate; 1-nerved or rarely with two faint lateral nerves, 8-10 mm.
long; the upper 3- or rarely 5-nerved, 9-12 nun. long, obtuse, or inequilateral
and mucronate; flowering glume obtuse, emarginate, 7-nerved, li2-15 mm. long,
appressed ciliate-pubesccnt from the second nerve to the margin and nearly to the apex,
also across the hack at the base; awn straight 3-5 mm. long; palea slightly shorter
than its glume.
Type in the collection of the Royal Botanical Museum, Berlin, grown from seed sent
by Dr. Richardson from western North America.

Fig. 16.— Bromus ciliatus: a, empty glumes; 6, dorsal view
of a flowering glume; c, palea.

33

General distribution: Arizona and New Mexico, north in the mountains to British
America.
Specimens Examined. — Arizona: Chiricahua Mountains (J. W. Tourney 31); Tuc-
son (J. W. Tourney 752); San Francisco Mountains (J. G. Leinmon 3194); Rin-
coii Mountains (G. C. Nealley 88). New Mexico: (Dr. G. Vasey); White
IMountains (E. 0. AVooton 332). Utah: Provo (S. M. Tracy 404); Aquarius
Plateau (L. F. Ward 431); Mount Ellen (M. E. Jones 5684 bf); Alta (M. E.
Jones 1132). Colorado: Georgetown (P. A. Rydberg 2381 ; C. L. Shear 610, 624|;
S. M. Tracy 457) ; :\Iarshall Pass (F. E. Clements 216; C. L. Shear 918) ; Brecken-
ridge (C. L. Shear 1078);
Sheep Horn Divide (Shear
& Bessey 1541, 1539, 1548);
Grand Lake (Shear & Bes-
sey 1522); Durango (F.
Tweedy 389); Ouray (C.L.
Shear 1153); Buffalo Pass
(Shear & Bessey 1433); Red
Mountain (C. L.'shearl204) ;
W^est Mancos (Tracy, Earle
& Baker 332); Dix (Tracy,
Earle & Baker 4298) ; Upper
La Plata (Tracy, Earle &
Baker 987, 4303); Silver
Plume (P. A. Rydberg 2466;
C. L. Shear 679," 711 ) ; Buck-
eye canyon (G. H. French) ;
Glen wood Springs (Shear &
Bessey 1301); Robinson (C.
L. Shear 1050); Red Cliff
(Shear & Bessey 1281, 1284;
Patterson 30); Florissant (T.
A. Williams 2207); Pikes
Peak (T. A. Williams 2222,
2173; Crandall & Co wen
542); Manitou (C. L. Shear
761); Cameron Pass (C. S.
Crandall 116); McCoys
(Shear& Bessey 1334); Villa
Grove (C. L. ' Shear 877).
Wiioming: Welcome (T. A.
Williams 2668, 2673a); La
Plata Mines (E. Nelson
5087); Sheep Mountain (T.
A. WiUiams 2305); Cooper
Hill (A. Nelson 4407); Bat-
tle Lake (A. Nelson 4022)
Yelloicdone National Park:

Fig. 17.— Broiiiiis rirhanUoni : a, empty glunius with two
florets; h, dorsal view of a flowering glume.

Cement Creek, Big Horn Co. (F. Tweedy 67).

Near Mammoth Hot Springs ( F. H. Burgelhaus).
Montana: Belt Mountains (F. L. Scribner 411); Hound Creek (F. L. Scrib-
ner 14).
Through the kindness of Dr. I. Urban we have been able to examine a part of the
type of this species which has not heretofore been recognized by American
botanists no far as we know. This species includes the great Ijulk of the mate-
rial from the Rocky Mountains hitherto referred to B. ciliutut<, into which it
20796— No. 23 3

34

passes in British America. It is distinguished in general from B. ciliatux by its
denser panicle, usually smooth leaves and sheaths and broader, more obtuse
flowering glume, with more pubescence. Forms also occur connecting it with
B. porteri. An examination of a spikelet from Hooker's type of B. ■purf/mix
foiu/lnpicata 1. c. collected by Drummond in the Rocky Mountains shows it to be
the same as B. rioh(trdf!orn.

17a. BROMUS RICHARDSONI PALLIDUS (Hook.) n. comb. Bromm pur-
;/<,nsj»ilHdus Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 252. 1840.

This in its typical form is distinguished from the species by the silky-villous margin of
the flowering glume, pale green, narrower spikelets, and smaller, denser panicle.
The leaves are also usually less numerous and narrower.

Type in the herbarium of the Royal Gardens, Kew, England, collected by Drummond
in the Rocky Mountains.

General distribution: Western Nebraska, Colorado, and Nevada north to the Arctic
coast.

Specimens Ex.\mined. — Nebraska: 'near Mullen (P. A. Rydberg 1404). Colorado:
Grand Lake (Shear & Bessey 1525); Villa Grove (C. L. Shear 879); Gunnison
( S. M . Tracy 442 ) . Xcrada : E. Humboldt Mount ( Watson 1328 ) . Oregoti : Fort
Klamath (J. B. Leiberg 670); Wallowa (C. L. Shear 1819); (W. C. Cusick 1289);
Powder River Mountains (C. V. Piper 2528). Washington: Loomiston (A. D. E.
Elmer 559). Idaho: Beaver Canyon (P. A. Rydberg 2329). Montana: East
Gallatin Swamp (P. A. Rydberg 3170); :Manhattan (C. L. Shear 431); Madison
River (P. A. Rydberg 2275); Spanish Basin (P. A. Rydberg 3114); Sheep Creek
( P. A. Rydberg 3304 ) ; Columbia Falls ( R. S. Williams 605 ) . Yellowstone National
Park: Slough Creek (F. Tweedy 589). Wyoming: Ten Sleep (T. A. Williams
2832). South Dakota: Sylvan Lake (David Griffiths 721); Rochford (P. A. Ryd-
berg 1166). SaskatcJu'wan: (J. Macoun 79); Prairie Albert (J. Macoun 13045).
Alberta: near Banff (J. Macoun 26). British Columbia: Elk River (R. Kenni-
cott). Northwest Territories: Fort Resolution (R. Kennicott).

The examination of a spikelet from the type specimen of this variety shows that it is
intermediate Ijetween B. richardsoni and B. ciliatus and intergrades with both.
Its denser panicle, fewer, narrower, and smoother leaves with tiie longer, silky
pubescence of the flowering glume separate it in its typical form from the latter
species. It sometimes resembles B. porteri in everything but the distribution and
character of the pubescence of the flowering glume.

18. BROMUS KALMII A. Gray, Man. Bot. 600. 1848. Bromus nliatus Muhl.
Gram. 169. 1817. Not L. 1753. Bromus jmrgansTorr. Fl. X. Y. 2: 468. 1843.
Not L. 1753. (Fig. 18.)

An erect, rather slender perennial with a drooping panicle. Culm 5-9 dm. high,
UKuallg pnhi'Sfrnl just below tlie nodes. Culms leaves about 3 : sheaths usualh*
shorter than tlie internodes, moderately retrorsely pilose-pubescent, at least the lower
ones; ligule about .5 mm. long, truncate, laciniate; l)lades flat, broadly linear-
lanceoiate, 7-17 cm. long, 5-10 mm. broad, nsualhj sparxely p'dose-pvhesrent both
sides, rarely nearly smooth or scabrous. Panicle small, rather crowded, 5-15 cm.
long, average about 10 cm. ; lower liranches 2-3, very slender and somewhat
flexuous, bearing 1-2 spikelets. Spikelets drooping, oblong-ovoid, closely 7-13-
flowered, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 5-6 mm. broad; empty glumes coarsely pubescent, the
lower Imear-lanceolate, S-nerved, 5-6 mm. long, the ujjper broader, obtuse, 7-8 mm.
long, 5-nerred, the outer nerves sometimes indistinct; flowering glumes obtuse,
enuirginate, densely and coarsely silky-pn])escent, 7-n»'rved, 8-10 nnu. long; awn
straight, 2-3 nnn. long; palea a little shorter than the glume; joints of the
rachilla pubescent, 1-1.5 mm. long.

35

Type : There seems to be no particular specimen designated as the type of this species

by Dr. Gray. The sheet in the Gray herbarium, regarded as that upon which

the original description was founded, contains portions of plants from three dif-
ferent localities, two from New York and one from Michigan, varying however

but very little from each other. These were taken as the basis of the above

description.
General distribution : New England to Minnesota.
Specimens Examined. — Xcw York: Sodus Bay (O. E. Pearce in 1884); Ithaca (K. M.

Wiegand in 1895; F. V. Coville in 1885). Peansylmnia : Easton (A. P. Garber

in 1867 and 1868; T. G.

Porter, in 1868, 1891, and

1897). Winroudn: Valley

of Wisconsin River (L. D.

Cheney 2031) ; (Dr. G.Vasey

in 1883); Madison (T. J.

Hale in 18 — ) . M innesnt a :

St. Cloud (E. V. Campbell

55 and 56) ; Turtle Lake

(E. P. Sheldon in 1892).;

Zumbrota ( E. A. Mearns

775) ; Lake Minnewaska ( L.

R. Moyer lb).

19. BROMUS PORTERI

(Coult.J Nash; Bruinus
kaltnil porter i Coult. Man.
Bot. Ry. Mt. Reg. 425.
1885; Bromus porieri^SLsh.
Bui. Torr. Bot. Club, 22 :
512. 1895; Bromwi kalinii
ocddentalis Vas. in Beal
Grass. N. A. 2 : 625. 1896;
Bromus ciliatus rnontcnm><
Vas. in Beal Grass. N. A.
2: 619. 1896. not Bromus
montamts Retz. 1779; Bro-
mus kalmii of most auct.
amer. ; Bromus kalmii major
Vas. in herb. (Fig. 19.)

A tufted short-lived perennial
, with rather slender, erect
culms about 5-9 dm. high,
slightly ptilterulent toward
the top and pubescent at
the nodes, bearing from 3-4

leaves. Sheath scantily short pilose or smooth, usually shorter than the inter-
nodes; ligule 1 mm. or less long, truncate, dentate; blades of the culm about 7-
14 cm. long by 3-5 mm. wide, linear-lanceolate, somewhat erect, ralher distant
and usually scabrous, those of the innovations longer and narrower. Panicle 8-20
cm. long, averaging about 12 cm., drooping, lower branches mostly 2-4, sub-
capillary. Spikelets terete-lanceolate before flowering, 2-2.5 cm. long, usually
7-9 flowered; empty glumes mostly obtuse, short-pubescent or sometimes nearly
smooth, lower 5-7 mm. long, narrower, sometimes subacute, usually 3-ncrrcd kit

Fig. 18. — JJi'oinu.i kalmii.

36

lateral nerves rather sJwrt, inconspicuous and sometimes irariting ; the upper 7-9 mm.
long, distinctly 3-nerved, obtuse; flowering glume 11-13 mm. long, broad-
lanceolate, rather coarsely pubescent, apex hyaline, entire, or slightly emargi-
nate; awn 2-4 mm. long, inserted just below the apex; palea mostly slightly
- shorter than its glume.
Type: The following specimens are cited with the original description 1 c. "Colo-
rado, at Twin Lakes (Porter) , Buffalo Peaks, and Sierra Madre Range (Coulter) ."
Specimens from both the collections referred to have been seen and the above
description based on them.

General distribution: Arizona and New Mexico north to Manitoba and west to

Alberta. Found in its most
characteristic form in the
Rocky Mountains at an al-
titude of 2-3000 meters.
Specimens examined. — Arizo-
na: Huachuca Mountains
(F. X. Holzner 2164); a
large form not typical;
Tucson (J. W. Tourney).
New Mexico: Glorietta (G.
R. Vasey) . Co I o r ado:
Steamboat Springs (Alice
Eastwood 20) ; M a n c o s
(Tracy, Earle & Baker 104,
382, 432) ; Silverton (C. L.
Shear 1216) ; West Mancos
Canyon (Tracy, Earle &
Baker 332); Fort Collins
Gulch (L. H. Pammel);
North Park (C. F. Baker
24, 49; C. S. Sheldon 177);
Sheep Horn Divide (Shear
& Bessey 1540) ; Red Dirt
Divide, Routt County
(Shear & Bessey 1350,
1355) ; Marshall Pass(S. M.
Tracy 459; C. L. Shear 934) ;
Garland (C. L. Shear 854;
G. Vasey) ; Crested Butte
(Alice Eastwood 10a) ; Rob-
inson (C. L. Shear 1054);
Durango (Tracy, Earle &
Baker 986, 4302)'; West Cliff
(C. L. Shear 993); Twin
Lakes (John Wolfe 1 155-(5) ;
Gunnison (S. M. Tracy
442) , Harmons Lake (Tracy, Earle & Baker 4300). l't<ih: Fish Lake(^L E. Jones
5743) ; P>n)mide Pass (M. E. Jones 5699bb) ; Above Kings Meadows (L. F. Ward
313); Cashe Junction (C). L. Shear 597); Aquarius Plateau (L. F. Ward 431).
Wyominf/: Sundance (Griffiths 420, 423, 436, 946; T. A. Williams 2604) ; Little INIis-
souri Buttes (D. Grifiiths 5S4) ; Bear Lodge Mountains (T. A. Williams 2642) ; Wind
River ( W. H. Forwood) ; Evanston(G. W. Letterman3; T. A. Williams2395, 2424) ;
Klk Mountain (A. Nelson 4083) ; Gros Ventre (F. Tweedy 66) ; Woods Landing ( A.
Nelson 3922, 3848); Meeteetse Creek (T. A. Williams 2879); Spread Creek (F.

Fig. 19. — IJroinus purUri : u, empty glumes with two florets
/), dorsal view of a flowering glume.

37

Tweedy a'i) ; Tongue River Basin (B. C. Bnffuni 5116) ; Hiilett (D. rT.(Triffiths924);
Big Horn INIountains ( \V. II. Forwood); Little Laramie River (T. A. Williams
2239); Seminole ^Mountains (E. Nelson 4931); Sand Creek (A. Nelson 1105);
In van Kara Creek (T. A. Williams 2581); Crazy Womans Creek (T. A. Williams
2734). Idaho: Beaver Canyon (P. A. Rydberg 2344) ; Snake River (G. W. Let-
terman 90). Ydloirxto)ie National Park: Yellowstone Lake (A. Nelson 6628);
Cash Creek (F. Tweedy 588). Montana: Spanish Creek Basin (T. A. Williams
2050); Northern Pacific R. R. (F. Lamson-Scribner) ; Lima (C. L. Shear 566;
P. A. Rydberg 2315); Barker (P. A. Rydberg 3361); Castle (P. A. Rydberg
3253); Spanish Creek (P. A. Rydberg 3047). .South Dakota: Rochford (P. A.
Rydberg 1165). Xorf}i_I)akota: Bottineau (M. A. lTrannon~79, 87, 92); Devils
Lake (C. A. Geyer). Manitoba: Brandon (J. Macoun 13049); Rapid City (J.
Macoun 13047). Asslnibola: Moose Jaw (J. Macoun 13043). Saskatchewan:
(J. Macoun 77). Alberta: Milk Rim Ridge (J. Macoun 13037).
This is the western expression of B. kalinil, and but for its geographical distribution,
I should be inclined to regard it as a variety of that species into which it passes
by way of ^linnesota and Canada. It is usually distinguished from that species
by its smooth, narrower leaves, and narrower, fewer-nerved, empty glumes. It
is also connected by intermediate forms wath B. richardsoni.

19 <t. BROMUS PORTERI LANATIPES n. var.

In its typical form this is a robust plant whose most striking character is its densely
soft-d(jwny or woolly sheaths. The leaves are scabrous both sides and larger than
in the species; the panicle mostly larger and denser with spikelets somewhat
larger and the empty glumes merely scabrous on the nerves or quite smooth.

Type No. 739, collected by C. L. Shear, Idaho Springs, Colo.

General distribution: Southern California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado.

Speci.mexs examined.— C'c(Z(/b)-« /a: San Bernardino Mountains (S. P. Parish 253 &
2533a; S. B. & W. F. Parish 1535). These specimens not typical. Arizona: Dos
Cabezas (J. D. Emersley) ; no locality (J. D. Emersley 8). Colorado: Boulder
(G. AV. Letterman 9) ; Idaho Springs (C. L. Shear 739; P. A. Rydberg 2490 &
2496); La Veta (C. L. Shear 811); Golden (G. W. Letterman 8) ; M. E. Jones
269) ; Trinidad (S. M. Tracy 12J) ; Walsenburg (C. L. Shear 799).

This variety passes by various forms int9 the species. It also closely approaches
B. richardsoni. The specimens cited from southern California have the sheaths
less densely pubescent and approach B. hrvipes.

19 /J. BROMUS PORTERI HAVARDII nom. nov. Bromvs ciliatus minor
Munro, Dewey in Cuntr. V. S. Nat. Herb. 2: 548. 1894. Not B. macranthus minor
Desv. 1853.

An erect, rather densely tufted plant, glaucous and nearly smooth throughout. Spike-
lets 15-18 mm. long; empty glumes unequal, the lower 1-nerved 3-5 mm. long, the
upper 3-nerved, 5-6 mm. long, flowering glume 7-8 mm. long. Awn about 2 mm.
long. This differs from the species in its glaucous more rigid leaves and smaller,
somewhat more coarsely pubescent spikelets.

Type No. 20, collected by V. Havard, slopes of Chisas Mountain, Vieja Mountain,
west Texas.

19 ;'. BROMUS PORTERI ERONDOSUS n. var. (Fig. 20.)
A slender, weak, erect or ascending, somewhat tufted perennial, about 6-9 dm.
high. Culm smooth, leafy. Sheaths smooth; ligule about 1 mm. long, truncate
and irregularly dentate; blade>^ linear, weak, mostly 1-2 dm. long and 3-4 mm.
wide, smooth throughout. Panicle 1-2 dm. long, very n-eak and drooping; lower
branches 2-4. Spikelets 2-2.5 cm. long, 7-11-flowered, oblong-lanceolate in
flower, pale green and drooping; empty glumes 3-nerved, smooth, mostly acute,

88

lower 5-6 mm. Ion?, upper 6-7 mm. long, slightly broader; flowering glume

subacute, 9-11 miti. lonrj, softly pubescent over the had; 5-7-nerve(l, only 3 nerves

very distinct, hyaline at the apex and emarginate, awn 2-3 mm. long; palea

puberulent, nearly equaling its glume.
Type collected by J. G. Smith at Mangos, New Mexico, August 19, 1897.
Specimens ex.\mixed. — Xen' Mexico: Mangos Canyon (J. G. Smith, Sept. 21, 1896);

(0. Metcalfe, Sept. 20, 1897); Saddle Rock Canyon, Grant County, alt. 2,170

meters (J. G. Smith, Sejit. 2-1, 1896) .

Base of San Luis Mountains, International Boundary Collection (E. A. Mearns
2146).-

This plant, whose favorite hab-
itat seems to be among
cliffs in canyons, may prove
on further held study to be
found worthy of specific
rank. The herbarium
specimens differ from the
species in their very weak,
leafy culms, rather nar-
rowerandlessdensely flow-
ered spikelets with the
empty glumes smooth.

20. BROMUS PACIFICUS

n. sp. (Fig. 21.)

A stout, nearly erect perennial
10-1.5 dm. high. Culm
leafy, pubescent at the
nodes. Sheaths mostly
sparsely retro rsely-pilose;
ligule 3-4 mm. long, round-
ed above, somewhat lace-
rate dentate; UaiJett hroadlt/
linear-lanceolate, J-S.5 dm.
long, 8-11 mm. broad,
sparsely coarse-pilose above,
scabrous beneath. Panicle
rather large, dense, droop-
ing; lower branches se-
cund, 3-5. SpiMets 2-2.5
cm. long, 5-6 mm. vide,
7-11-flowered, coarsely pu-
bescent tJiroughout ; empty
glumes acute, the lower
rather narrow, 1-nerved or
rarely with two short faint
lateral nerves, 6-7 mm. long, the upper broader, 3-5-nerved, mostly inequilateral at
the apex anil mwronate, 8-9 mm. long ; flowering glume inconspicuously 7-nerved,
broadly lanceolate, subobtuse, emarginate, 11-12 mm. long, pubescence somewhat
denser and somewhat pilose on the lower margins and base, with a, straigld «»■/( -^-6" nun.
long ; palea about equaling its glume.
Type No. 1703, collected by Scribner & Shear, in moist thickets near the seashore

south of Seaside, Oregon.
General distribution: Along the coast from Oregon to Alaska.

Fig. 20. — Jjromius portcri frundo.su.'i : a, empty glumes and two
florets; b, dorsal view of a flowering glume.

39

Specimens examined. — Oregon: Seaside (Seribner & Shear 1711). Vancomrr hlnnd:
(J. Maeoim 93). Almhi: Prince of Wales Island (W. G. Wright 1595).

This species appears nearly related to B. richardsoni, but is much more robust, with
rather denser panicle and coarser pubescence which covers the empty glumes as
well as the flowering glumes. It appears to l)e the same as the />'. j>i(rgan.'< of
Grisebach in Ledebour's "Flora Rossica."

1 758. Ilroiii »N cilidlns piiri/mix A. (iray,

2. 1:229. 1840. nom. iiud.

21. BROMUS PURGANS L. Sp. PI. 1: 7(1
Man. Bot. 600. 1848. (Fig. 22.)

BroDi as ifteuddii Frank in Steud. Nom. Bot. ed
A rather stout perennial, 7-14 dm.
high. Culm erect, smooth or
pubescent at the nodes. Sheaths
usually coarsely retro rse-pilose ;
ligule 1-2 mm. long, rather firm,
truncate; blades broadly linear-
lanceolate, 15-30 cm. long, 5-15
mm. broad, somewhat auricled
at the base, short-pilose on the
nerves above or smooth, scabrous
or smooth beneath. Panicle
large, lax, nodding, mostly 15-25
cm. long; lower branches 2-4,
long, slender, flexuous. Spike-
lets mostly 7-11 flowered (Lin-
meus says " 8 ad 14 " ), 2-2.5 cm.
long, terete-acuminate at first, be-
coming oblong-lanceolate in out-
line and somewhat flattened ;
empty glumes narrow, acuminate,
sparseli/ covered with sliort pubes-
cence; the lower l-nerved, 5-7 mm,
long; the upper broader, 3-nerved,
7-9 mm. long; flowering glume
lanceolate, acute, or sub-acute;
5-nerved, or sometimes with two
more faint nerves when mature,
10-12 mm. long, with rather short
.sparse pubescence over tlie back,
emarginate or shortly bidentate
at the apex; awn straight, slen-
der, 4-6 mm. long; palea nearly
equaling its glume, rachilla slen-
der, pubescent, 2-3 mm. long.

Type collected by Kalm in Canada.

General distribution; New England to Florida, west to northeastern Wyoming, and
south to Texas.

Specimens examined. — Connecticut: Bridgeport (E. H. Fames). New York: Ithaca
(F. V. Coville); Little Falls (G. R. Vasey). New Jersey: Stockholm (Wm. M.
Vansickle). Pennsylvania: Huntingdon County (T. C. Porter) ; Easton (T. C. Por-
ter) ; Philadelphia (C. E. Smith 39; F. Lamson-Scribner) . Delaware: Wilming-
ton (A. Commons 79, 130). Maryland: Baltimore (K. A. Taylor 11802). Dis-
trict of Columbia: Washington (F. Blanchard); Chain Bridge (Conant & Vasey).

Fig. 2\.—Bromiiii pncificu!' : a, empty glumos with two
Horets; b, dorsal view of the flowering glume.

40

North Carolina: Biltmore (Biltniore Herbarium 128a). Georgia: Rome (Dr.

Chapman). Tennessee: Knoxville (A. Ruth 30) ; Franklin County (H. Eggert 28).

Kentucky: Big Black Mountain (T. H. Kearney jr. 276). Ohio: Cincinnati (C. G.

Lloyd 3515). Illinois: Chicago (H. N. Bahcock); Mount Carmel (J. Schrenck).

Michigan: Rochester (O. A. Farwall 563). lawiL: Lebanon (C. R. Ball and A. F.

Sample 26) ; Ames (C. R. Ball 123); Fayette County (B. Fink 290, 629); Decatur

County (T. J. and M. F. L. Fitzpatrick 12). Minnesota: Duluth (G. Vasey ). TI7/0-

ming: Sundance (T. A. Williams 2596). Nebraska: Julian (C. L. Elmore 135);

near Mullen (P. A. Rydberg 1775). Missouri: Independence (B. F. Bush 812);

■ Courtney (B.F. Bush 594). St.

Louis (H. Eggert). Arkansas:
( F. L. Harvey 9 ) . Indian Ter-
ritory : Between Fort Cobb and
Fort Arbuckle (Dr. E. Palmer
407).
This species has been the cause of
much confusion, and has been
very differently interpreted by
different authors. Some, in-
cluding Vahl, Hooker fil.,
Grisebach, and Fournier, ap-
parently accepting Linnteus's
doubtful reference to Feuillee's
plate of B. catltarticvs as the
true B. purgans, have referred
various forms of the subgenus
('eratochloa. to it. (Others, as
Torrey and Hooker, have re-
ferred B. kalmii and related
forms to it, while Dr. Gray
seems to have been the first to
apply the name to the plant
described by Linnjeus, whose
description is so complete as
to leave little doubt as to the
plant he had in hand. The
species shows occasional con-
necting forms with B. clUatns.
It is also very closely related to
B. ramosus of Europe. In the
West and North it appears to
merge into B. richardsnni. It
is distinguished from B. kalmii,
another near relative, by its
longer and narrower empty

glumes and the shorter and sparser pubescence of the flowering glumes, as well

as by its larger panicle and broader leaves.
A specimen in the Columbian University herbarium from Meisner's Herbarium, col-
lected by Frank near Cincinnati, and labeled " Bronuis slendelii Frank n. sp.? " is
merely a form of this species with a somewhat smaller panicle than usual.

21a. BROMUS PTJRGANS LATIGLUMIS (Scribn.) n. comb. Broiiuis ritiafus
laiighiinis Scribn. in herb. Bronius aKissitiuis rnrsh, Fl. Am. Sejit. 2 : 728. 1814.
NotGilib. 1792. Bromus cdialus porteri Rydl'. Coiitr. Nat. Herb. 3: 193. 1895.

Fig. '22.—Jiromuspurc/ans: ((.lower portion of a spikelet;
b, dorsal view of a flowering glume.

41

Culms very leafy, sheaths usxially iiim-h overlapping and furnuhed iiith a rather con-
spicuous pilose-pubescent ring (tt tlie summit; blades rather broadly auricled at the
base. Spikelets and flowering glumes rather broader than in the species. The
pubescence at the base of the flowering glume is slightly denser than elsewhere.
In other respects like the species.

Type No. 222, collected l)y L. H. Pammel, Dakota City, Iowa.

General di8tril)ution about the same as for the species, liut apparently reaching its
greatest development in numbers west of the Mi-ssissippi.

Specimens examined. — Connecticut: South Glastonbury (Frances Wilson 124). Nei.v
YorJ:: Oxford (F. V. Coville). Pennsylvania: Easton (T. C. Porter). Minnesota:
Forest :Mills (C.A.Ballard). South Dakota: Redfield (David Griffiths 74); Big
Stone (^Ir. & Mrs. T. A. Williams; James River, Brown County (David Griffiths
784); Canning (T.A.Williams). Montana: Smith River (F. Lamson-Scribner
77). Nebraska: near Thedford (P. A. Rydberg 1775 — this number is the one on
whicli Rydlierg founded the new combination cited above. In character of
spikelets and in the rather narrow'er leaves than usual it approaches B. porteri,
but in other respects it is this variety; Holt County (F. Clenaents 2824). Iowa:
Forest City (B. Shimek 62) ; Ames (C. R. Ball 4) ; Jackson County (B. Shimek 34) ;
Dakota City (L. II. Pammel 222). Missouri: (H. Eggert); Jefferson County
( H. Eggert 606) ; Allenton (G. W. Letterman 14).

This form connects the species with B. richardsoni and B. porteri, the more numerous
leaves, the overlajiping sheaths, and larger panicle separating it from the latter.
The overlapping sheaths and more equally distributed pubescence of the flower-
ing glume distinguishes it from the former. The citation of B. altissiinus Pursh
as a synonym is based upon the examination of specimens in the herbarium of
the Philadelphia Academy marked "Herb. Pursh." The specimens agree per-
fectly with Pursh's description and are apparently authentic.

21/1 BROMUS PURGANS ? TEXENSIS n. var.

A slender i)lant, somewhat geniculate at the base and 3-4 dm. high. Sheaths short
pilose-pubescent; ligule 1-1.5 mm. long, laciniate; blades linear, pubescent
throughout, about 6-10 cm. long. Panicle small, somewhat nodding, with only
3-5 spikelets in the specimen at hand. Spikelets terete at first, then lanceolate
and somewhat laterally contracted; empty glumes acuminate, scabrous, the
lower 1 -nerved, 7 mm. long, the upper inequilateral and mucronate at the apex,
9-10 mm. long; flowering glume 7-nerved, 10 nun. long, sparsely and coarsely
scabrous, very short dentate at the apex ; awn straight, 6-7 mm. long ; palea equal-
ing its glume, keels finely serrate.

Type No. 230, collected by G. Jermy, Bexar County, Texas.

This is the only specimen of this form we have seen. More material is necessary to
determine definitely its status and relationships. It may prove a good species.

21 r. BROMUS PURGANS INC ANUS n. var.

This is very near B. purgans latiglumis, differing from it in having the sheaths
densely soft pilose-pubescent. It also jmssesinto B. porteri lanatipes in the south-
west. It is generally separated from that by its broader leaves and narrower
empty glumes, Avhich are like the flowering glumes sparsely pubescent.

Type No. 3, collected by J. Wolf, Canton, Illinois.

General distribution apparently about the same as for the species.

Specimens examined. — Pennsylvania: Easton (T. C. Porter). District of Columbia:
High Island (F. L. Scribner). Ohio: Pittsfield (A. E. Ricksecker). Iowa: Fay-
etteCounty (B. Fink, 414). South Dakota.: Union County (E. J.Wallace). Te.ms:
Chenates (G. C. Nealley), poor and not typical.

42

22. BROMUS ORCUTTIANUS Vas. Bot. Gaz. 10:223. 1885. (Fi^r. 23.)
A rather stout, erect, perennial 8-12 dm. high. Cuhii leafy below, mostly puljeru-
lent at and just below the nodes. Sheaths usually glabrous; ligule 1-2 mm. long,
subtruncate; T)lades hroadh/ Unear-Idnreolair, rather coarse, smooth throughout, 10-20
(;m. long, 5-7 mm. broad. Panicle narroir-pi/ramidal, erect, ornearb/so, 10-15 cm.
long, 5-8 cm. broad at the base when spread, branches feAv, vlclely diraricate in
fnilt and rather rigid. Spikelets about 2-2.5 cm. long, 2-3 mm. broad, on short,
stout pedicles, terete-acuminate, 5-9 flowered; florets at maturity rather distant on

a slender zigzag rachilla,
separating and falling
easily at maturity ; empty
glumes narrow, smooth
or scabrous, the lower
acute, 6-8 mm. long,
1 -nerved, or sometimes
with 2 short, faint lateral
nerves, the upper broad-
er, subobtuse, 3-nerved,
8-10 mm. long; flower-
ing glume 10-12 nun.
long, nari-oM', obtuse, sca-
brous to scabrous-jnibescent
over the bach, faintly
5-7-nerved, with a hya-
line, slightly emarginate
apex; awn rather stout,
about 5-7 mm. long;
palea nearly equaling its
glume; rachilla slender,
puberulent, joints about
4 mm. long.
Type in the Herbarium U. S.
Department of Agricul-
ture, collect eil by C. R.
Orcutt in the mountains
near San Diego, Cal.,
No. E.
General distribution : South-
ern Galifornia to Wash-
ington, chiefly on rather
dry open mountain sides
and in dry evergreen
forests.
Specimens examined.— <_WZ/-
forn la : Open w o o d s ,
Truckee River (C. F.
Sonne 21); Southern California (Dr. E. Palmer 233); Mariposa (J. W. Congdon);
Pioneer (Geo. Hansen 1835); Kaweah River Valley (Coville and Funston'l34G);
San Jacinto Mountains (H. M. Hall 7861); Forest Dale (J. B. Davy). Oregon:
Ashland Butte (T. Howell 253) ; Gayhart Butte (Coville and Leiberg'277). Wash-
ington: Mount Adams (W. X. Suksdorf 120); Klickitat River near Mount Paddo
(Mount Adams) ( W. N. Suksdorf 172).

Fig. 23. — BromuK nrciiltianuit : a, i-mpty glumes with a floret ;
6, dorsal view of a flowering glume.

43

22a. BROMUS ORCUTTIANUS GRANDIS a. var.

A stout, erect perennial 14-15 dm. high, very leafy below. Sheaths, leaves, and
cuhn pubescent tlirouLrhout. Panicle alxmt 2 dm. long and nearly as broad at
base at maturity when the l)ranches are sjiread more or less horizontally. Spike-
lets pn1)escent throughout. Its distinguishing characters are its size and })ubes-
cence. In other respects the j^lant is like the species.

Ty]ie Xo. 472, collected by C. R. Orcutt at La Maite, San Diego, California.

The only specimen seen.

23. BROMUS VULGARIS (Hook) n. comb. (Fig. 24.)

B. jntrfjditx rdU/arif! Hook. Fl.
Bor. Am. 2 : 252. 1840.
B. (h'hili.'< Nutt. in Herb.
Aca.l. Nat. Sci. Phil. B.
ciUa{ii><i)<niciforui< Vasey in
Beal (Irass. X. A. 2 : 019.
189(i. Not Schum. imr
Willd. B. ciliaiusUf/nhttiis
Yas. in Macoun Cat. Can.
PL 4:288. 1888. Nomen
nudum.

A slender, erect jierennial 8 to
11 <lni. high, with narrow,
pale green, sparingly jiilow
lea ves a ndfetv-flou'ered, nod-
ding panicle, 8 to 12 cm.
long. Culms somewhat
pubescent, at least below
the nodes, nodes beardeil,
the short hairs directe<l
downward. S he a t h s

pilu!<e, loirer ones irhich
are usualhj purjiUsh, fjuite
denseji/ so, vith sj)readin<j
or rejfc.red hairs; ligule
membranous or snhhyaline,
truncate, lacerate, 3-5 nun.
long; blades 15-25 cm.
long, 5-9 mm. wide, thinly
pilose above, glabrous or
sparsely pilose beneath,
sparingly scabrous on the
margins and on the nerves
below. Spikelets about
22-28 nun. long, including
awns, 3-4 mm. wide; pedi-
cels somewhat enlarged just below the spikelet and pubescent; empty glumes
^nnicirhdt sparschj covered iritli a short, coarse pubescence, lower glume narrow-
lanceolate, very acute, 5-8 mm. long, 1-nerved; upper iihime o-nerved, much broader
and longer than tlie first, obtuse or subacute and often bifid at tlie apex, the midnerre
excurrent as a short aim, scabrous on the back, the nerves usually purplish; flow-
ering glume about 8-10 mm. long, sparsely pubescent over the back, subciliate near the
)nargins, 5-nerved, the 3 nerves nuich more prominent than the intermediate

Fig. 24. — Bromiis rulgaris: a, showing empt/ glumes ; /), partial
ventral view nf a floret showing the palet and a joint of the
racliilla.

44

ones; a^iex entire or shortly 2-toothe(l ; awns dmrhr, 0-9 mm. long. Joints of the
racliilla 2-3 mm. long, pubescent; i)alea nearly or- quite equaling its glume,
ciliate on the keels and scantily pubescent l)et\veen them.

Type: Hooker 1. c. refers several collections made by Richardson, Douglas, and
Scouler to this species. Through the kindness of the director of the Kew (xar-
dens we have received a spikelet from the specimens collected by Dr. Scouler on
the Columbia which proves to be the same as the synonyms given.

General distril)ution: California north to Vancouver Island, east to Montana and the
Blue IVbiuntains of Oregon. The typical form seems to be most frequent in the
Blue Mountains.

Specimens EXAMINED. — California: Santa Cruz (M. E. Jones); Marin Co. (PI Palmer
2043); (C. L. Anderson 66;) (H. Bolander 4753.) Oregon: (W. C. Cusick 1061,
2061;) (T. Howell 80, 205;) banks Santiam (M. Craig); Portland (T. Howell);
McMinnville(C. L. Shear 1652); Lake Wallowa (C. L. Shear 1747); Blue Moun-
tains (C. L. Shear 1690, 1667). Wanhingfon: Klickitat River (W. N. Suksdorf
177); West Klickitat Co. (W. N. Suksdorf 175); Upper Valley Nesqually (O. D.
Allen 41); Blue Mountains (C. V. Piper 2564, 2563; Lake & Hull 2079); (Sand-
berg & Lei berg 449;) (L. F. Henderson 2145;) Tacoma (A. B. Leckenby).
Idalio: Latah Co. (C. V. Piper 1740); Moscow Mountains (L. F. Henderson);
Lake Coeur d'Alene (Sand berg, Heller & McDougal 582) ; Farmington (Sandberg,
Heller & McDougal 523) ; Nez Perces Co. (A. A. & E. G. Heller 3423). Montana:
Bozeman (P. A. Rydberg 2227); Sour Dough Canyon (J. W. Blankinship).
British Columbia: Deer Park, Lower Arrow Lake (J. Macoun 17).

This plant has most frequently been referred to B. ciliatna heretofore, but is easily
separated from that species by its smaller panicle, longer awn, and long ligule,
and also by the distribution of the pubescence on the flowering glume. It is
quite variable in some respects and seems to pass through its various forms into
B. Urripes.

2Sa. BROMUS VULGARIS EXIMIUS n. var. Bromus dliatus glaberrimus
Suksdorf in herb. Not B. glaberrimus Koch, Linnfea, 21: 420. 1848.

A more erect and robust plant than the type, leaves broader, in the type 1 cm. broad,
leaves, sheaths, and culms glabrous as is al.«o the flowering glume except on the
margin and midnerve near the base where it is scantily pubescent.

Type No. 1791, collected by C. L. Shear on moist, open mountain side 4 miles above
Wallowa Lake, Oregon.

General distribution : Oregon and Washington.

Specimens examined. — Oregon : near Wallowa Lake (C. L. Shear 1787, 1799). Wash-
ington : Skamania Co. (W. N. Suksdorf 2335). This number was the type of
Suksdorf's variety cited above. Yakima region (F. Tweedy, July, 1882).

23/i. BROMUS VULGARIS ROBUSTUS n. var.

A tall leafy form sometimes reaching 15-18 dm. high; leaves and sheaths sparsely
pilose-pubescent; the jianicle larger than in the species and having the flowering
glumes pubescent on the margin and keel at the base, as in B. vulgari,s eximitis,
from which it differs chiefly in the pilose-pubescent leaves and sheaths and
rather larger panicle.

Type No. 1710, collected by Scribner and Shear in moist thickets near the seashore,
Seaside, Oregon.

General distribution: Oregon to Vancouver Island along the coast; also from Idaho.

Specimens examined. — Orcg(nt : Seaside (Scribner & Shear 1707, 1710); ]\IcMinnville
(C. L. Shear 1653). Jdaho : Weisners Peak (Sandberg, Heller ct McDougal 599).
Washington: Base of Mount Adams (W. N. Suksdorf 176), near Montesano
(A. A. & E. G. Heller 3999). Vancouver Island : (J. Macoun 176) not typical.

45

24. BROMUS L^VIPES n. sp. (Fig. 2.5.)

A perennial, ^prcadbuj xottiewhat hii rooLitucks^ with an erect or somewhat geniculate
culm about 7-10 cm. tall, puberulent just below the nodes. Sheaths glabrous;
ligule 3-4 iiiiii- Joi'!/, truncate, entire or somewhat lacerate-dentate ; blades linear-
lanceolate, (jkthmuK or dighily scahroiin, about 1-5-20 cm. long and 4-7 mm. 1)road.
Panicle broad, lax, drooping, about 15-20 cm. long, lower branches 2-4. Spike-
lets drooping, narrow, terete, acuminate at first, 5-9-flowered, 2.5-3.5 cm. long;
empty glumes smooth, the lower acute, 3-nerved, 6-8 mm. Jong; the upper
5-nerved, broader, 9-11 mm. long; flowering glume obtuse, 7-nerved, 13-15 mm.
long, densely ci Hate-pubes-
cent on the margin nearly to
the apex and also on the bacJc
at the base; apex hyaline,
emarginate,usually brown-
ish yellow; awn straight,
3-4 or rarely 5 mm . long ;
palea about 2 n:im. shorter
than its glume.

Type No. 178, collected by W.
N. Suksdorf on the Colum-
bia River, West Klickitat
Co., Washington.

General distribution : Mostly
in the Coast Range and
Cascade Mountains, Cali-
fornia, north to Washing-
ton.

Specimens examined. — Califor-
nia: Hood's Peak (Bioletti
112) ; Black Mt. (C. Rut-
ter 1) ; San Jose (Miss
Bush) ; Borax Lake (J.
Torrey 574 — a poor speci-
men, somewhat doul)tful) ;
Pitt River, Shasta Co. (H.
E. Brown 279) ; Head of
Russian R i ^• e r ( J . W .
Blankinship 41) ; Agricul-
tural Station, Amador Co.
(Geo. Hansen 610) ; no
locality (G. R. Vasey) .
Oregon: Grant's Pass (T.
Howell 250) .

This species is closely related
to B. r(dgaris,B. orcutiianns
and B. richardsoni pallidus.

From the first it is distinguished by its smooth leaves and sheaths and much
stouter haliit, as well as broader spikelets and denser pubescence of the flowering
glume. From the second it differs in the larger drooping panicle and different
distribution of pubescence on the flowering glume. It appears closest to the
third, 7>. richardsoni pallidus, into which it probably intergrades. It differs in
its typical form from that in its much more robust ha hit and more pubescent
flowering glumes ; also in its geniculate base and the production of a rootstock-

Fig. 25. — Bromw brvipcg: a, (.■iiiply glumes with t\v(
b, dorsal view of a flowering glume.

florets;

46

B. FdnirJi- varrow, erect or nearli/ so, spikcleU asiudhj l>ir</rr IIkiii in A, and the pubescence

on the ^flowering not evenly dhiriliiilril.

25. BROMUS SUKSDORFII A"a8. Bot. (hiz. 10: 22.1 1885. (Fig. 26.)
An <Tect, coarse, tufted, leafy perennial, 6-10 dm. high. CUilni smootli or puberulent
jn.«t below the nodes. Sheaths smooth; ligule about 1 mm. long, mhcorlaceovs,
truncate, dentate; blades mostly 5-6, broadly linear-lanceolate, rather ahmpdy anmii-
nate, 1-2 dm. long, 8-11 mm. broad, Jinn and smooth. Panicle narrow, erect,
rather dense, mostly 8-13 cm. long, lower branches 2-5, longest 2-4 cm. long,

erect or ascending. S pikelets
5-9-fiowered, 2-3 cm. long, terete
at first, becoming somewhat lan-
ceolate at flowering; pedicels
shorti'r than the spikelel.^-; empty
glumes glabrous or scabrous on
the nerves, the lower lanceolate-
acuminate, 1-nerved or sometimes
with a short faint lateral nerve ( )n
each side, 8-10 mm. long, the up-
per broader, sul)acute, 3-nerved,
10-12 mm. long; flowering glume
oblong - lanceolate, s u b a c u t e ,
12-14 mm. lo7ig with 3 prominent
nerves and frequently 2 other
very faint ones on each side, ap-
2)ressed-puliescerd from the lateral
nerves to the margins a)td <ni fJie
midnerve abouthalficay n/i the back,
other portions smooth or sca-
brous, emarginate at the apex ;
awn 2-4 mm. long; palea little
more than three-fourths the length
of //.s ghnne.
Type No. 74, collected l)y W. N.
Suksdorf "in loose soil on dry
mountain sides," Mt. Adams,
Washington.
General distriVnition: Mountains of

Oregon and Washington.
Specimens examined. — Oregon: Cra-
ter Lake(Coville & Leiberg 423);
■ Powder River Mt. (C. V. Piper
2523); Ashlan.l P>utte(T. Howell
249); (W.C.Cusick 1075).
This species is closely related to B.
paDtjtelHanas, but differs in lacking the t'reeping rootstock and in having a denser
panicle, longer flowering glume with shorter pubescence and shorter palea. The
spikelets are also narrower in flower and greenish straw color.

26. BROMUS ERECTUS Huds. Fl. Angl. 30. 1762. liromus macoumiY^s. Bnl.

Torr. Hot. Clul), 15: 48. 1888. (Fig. 27.)
A csespitose i)erennial with narrow leaves and an erect suhsimple i)anicle. Culms

al)out 6-;i dm. higli, erect, glalirous. Sheaths sparingly pilose or nearly glahrous;

ligule al)out 1.5 mm. long: lilades somewhat ligiil, narrowly linear, sparingly

Fig. 26.— £/Y»/f.(.s t^nktidoifi'i : a, c'mi;)t.v glume.s with t\v
florets; h, dorsal view of a flowering glume.

47

pubescent or somewhat eiliate, tlie radicnl condnpUcate, those of the stem some-
what broader, about 1-2 dm. long. Panicle about 1-2 dm. long, narrow,
pyramidal, l)ranches erect or ascending. Spikelets fusiform-cylindric before
flowering, afterwards oblong-lanceolate and somewhat laterally compressed,
5-10-flowered, sometimes purplish; empty glumes acuminate, usually scabrous
on the nerves; the lower 1-nerved, 6-8 mm. long; the upper 3-nerved, 8-10
nun. long; flowering glume 10-12 mm. long, 5-nerved, oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, shortly l)i(lentate with narrow scarious margins and apex ecenly
iicahriiux-puhi'xcent on the back;
awn straight, slender, 5-6
mm. long. An ad ventive spe-
cies from Europe.

Specimens e.xamined — Onta r 1 n :
Kingston (J. Fowler in 1895).
Vennont : (C. G. Pringle in
1877).

This species is reported in Britton
& Brown. 111. Fl., as being
introduced in waste })laces
about New York. The speci-
men collected by J. Macoun,
No. 76, ^'ancouver Island,
and named B. iihicouiiH by
Yasey, seems to us a mere
form of this species, differing
( ml y in its somewhat narrower
and more rigid panicle. This
species is nearly related to B.
pvmpelUanus.

27. BROMUS INERMISLeyss.

Fl. Hal. 16. 1761. Srhedu-
norus inerm is Beauv. Agrost.

99. 1812. (Fig. 28.)

An erect, smooth perennial with
a creeping rootstock and erect,
broadly pyramidal or Kubcorym-
bose panicle. Culm rather
stout, smooth, about 5-9 dm.
high. Sheaths smooth; ligule
1.5-2 nun. long, subtruncate,
somewhat lacerate ; blades
linear-lanceolate, flat, smooth,
or minutely scabrous, about

1.5-2.5 dm. long and about 5-10 mm. broad. Panicle rather dense, somewhat
<liffuse, 10-20 cm. long. Si^ikelets erect or somewhat drooping, narrow, terete,
about 2-2.5 cm. lony and 4-5 mm. vide after flowering; empty glumes smooth, the
lower narrow, acute, 1-nerved, 4-5 mm. long, the upper subacuminate, 3-nerved,
about 6-8 mm. long; flowering glume obtuse, emarginate, 5-nerved, about 9-12
7nuK lony, typically glabrous, but sometimes ciliate-pubescent on the lower half of
the margins and the midrib, muticous or with an awn sometimes reaching 3
mm. long; palea equaling the glume.

Fig. ■27.—Bromus ercctus : a, empty glumes ; b, lateral view
of the flowering glume with a Joint of the rachilla.

48

cens Del. 1813.
counii Vas. p.

General distribution: This species, which has been introduced from Europe under
the name of smooth or Hungarian brome-grass, is being grown in many places
throughout the semiarid regions of the West, where it is to be met with as an
escape from cultivation.

It is very closely related to Bromus pumpellianus, but has narrower panicles and
spikelets, also smoother glumes.

28. BROMUS PUMPELLIANUS Scribn. Bui. Torr. Bot. Club 15 : 9. Jan. 1888.
Bromus purgatis purpurascens Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 252. 1840. Not B. purpuras-

Bromu!^ mn-
p. Bui. Torr.
Bot. Club, 15: 48. 1888.
( Fig. 29. )

stout, erect perennial, 6-12
dm. high, with creeping root-
stocks. Culms smooth or
pubescent at the nodes.
.Sheaths smooth or sparsely
pilose-pubescent; ligule firm,
truncate, rarely exceeding 1
mm. long; blades broadly
linear-lanceolate, 5-10 mm.
wide, 1-2 mm. long, mostly
smooth below and scabrous
or somewhat pubescent
above, somewhat auriculate
at base, point frequently in-
volute and rigid when dry.
Panicle rather narrow, erect,
10-20 cm. long, mostly 10-15
cm.; branches short, erect,
or ascending. Spikelets
mostly . 7-11-flowered, 2-3
cm. long, terete-acuminate
at first, somewhat laterally
compressed at and after flow-
ering, 5-7 mm. wide; empty
glumes smooth and shining,
the lower 1-nerved, or rarely
with two faint lateral nerves,
acuminate, 6-8 mm. long, the
upper broader, 7-10 mm.
long, 3-nerved; flowering
glume broad, ovoid-lanceo-
late, subacute, 5-7-nerved,
10-12 mm. long, deiinely <tnd
coarsely dHate-pubescent on the margin, nearly or quite to the apex and across the back
ill tlir Ixixc; ape.x slightly emarginate; awn mostly 2-3 nun. long, rarely reaching
4-5 nun. long, or occasionally nearly or quite muticous; palea nearly equaling its
glume; rachilla slender, pilose-pubescent.
Type No. 418, collected by F. Lamson-Scribner in the Belt Mountains, Montana.
General distril)ution: Colorado to South Dakota north to western Alaska.
Specimkns examined. — Colorado: Dillon (C. L. Shear IO682); Penns Gulch (G. W.
Letterman 93); El Paso County (G. W. Letterman 38); Pikes Peak (C.L. Shear
771); Villa Grove (C. L. Shear 885); Breckenridge (C. L. Shear 1082); Veta Pass

Fig. 2><.— Bromus inermis: a, a spikelet; c, ventral view of a
florrt. showing the palea and a joint of the rachilla.

49

(G. Vasey); no locality (John Wolfe 1158); Grizzly Creek (C. F. Baker 1-4);
Como Park (C. L. Shear 1092). ]Vi/omiii(/: Sundance (T. A. Williams 2602,
D. Griffiths 423); Bear Lodge (T.A.Williams 2629); Inyan Kara Momitain (d!
Griffiths 634); Big Horn Momitains(W. H. Forwood). South Dakota: Custer
(Lavid Griffiths 700) ; Elk Creek, Black Hills (P. A. Rydberg 1167); Sylvan Lake
(D. Griffiths 719, 70S ). Montana : Columbia Falls (R. S. Williams) ; Gallatin River
Canyon (J. W. Blankinship); Black Hawk (P. A. Rydberg 3271); Dry Fork Belt
Creek (P. A. Rydberg 3356) ; Barker (P. A. Rydberg 3362, 3383). British America:

RockyMoimtains(J. Macounl4);FortEllice(J. Macounl04). Alberta:!^ ear Banii.

(J. Macoun 23, 30); Benton

Trail, :\lilk River (J. Macoun

13051); Devils Head Lake (J.

Macoun 25, 27 ) ; p]lbow River

(J. Macoun 18638) ; Crow Nest

Pass (J. Macoun 18639). Sas-

kntcheivau : Prince Albert (J.

3Iacoun 13050); Saskatchewan

Plains (J. Macoun 78 ) . British

Columbia : Kicking Horse Lake

(J. Macoun 15). Alaska: Fort

Yukon (O.S.Bates).
This plant is closely related to B.
erectus and also to B. inernils,

both of which are only found
in this country as introducetl
or adventive species. Our spe-
cies, which is rather frequent
in the Rocky Mountains from
Coloradonorth, reaches Alaska
and probably connects with B.
ini'niiis in eastern Siberia. Our
plants can usually be distin-
guished from B. erectus by their
broader spikelets, longer awns,
and the coarse ciliate-pubes-
cent margins and bases of the
flowering glumes. The leaves
of the sterile shoots or innova-
tions of B. ('rectus are narrow
and involute and the plant
caespitose. In the case of B.
inermis the relationshijj is
closer and the separation more
difficult. Generally i lur species
has a narrower, denser, more
rigidly erect panicle with shorter branches and broader spikelets. The flower-
ing glumes are more coarsely and densely ciliate-pubescent and very rarely
muticous. The difficulties of separating these species are likely to be greatly
increased in the future by the rapid distribution of the cultivated forms of B.
inennis in the region occupied by B. pumpdlianus and also by the probability of
hyl)ridization of the two i)lants. Judging from the description and a single
spikelet from the type of Hooker's B. purgans purpurascens, collected by Dr.
Richardson in the region of Bear Lake, British America, it is the same as our
plant.

20796— No. 23 4 ■

Fig. 29. Bromus pumpellianus : a, empty glumes with two
florets ; b, dorsal view of a flowering glume.

50

28a. BROMUS PUMPELIilANUS TWEEDYI Scribn. in Beal, Grass. N. A.
2: (>22. 1896.

This differs from the species in having the leaves and sheaths usually iiilose-pubescent
throughout and the flowering glumes with coarser, denser, hirsute-pubescence.
In other respects like the species.

Type No. 587, collected by Frank Tweedy, Slough Creek, Yellowstone Park.

General distribution apparently the same as for the species.

Specimens E.xAMiNED. — Colorado: (H. N. Patterson 29 ) ; (M. E. Jones.) Wyoming: Sun-
dance (D. Griffiths 435,884);
Meeteetse Creek (T. A.Wil-
liams 2917); Welcome (T.A.
Williams 2673, 2682); Bear
Lodge (T.A.Williams 2655).
Montana: Lima (P. A. Ryd-
berg 2309, C. L. Shear 568).
Akuska: Yukon River (Daw-
son 92) .

28/3. BROMUS PUMPELLI-
ANUS MELICOIDES n. var.

This is a form having the sheaths
retrorsely pilose-pubescent, es-
pecially on the lower half to-
wanl the nodes. The pubes-
cence on the margins and <)f
the flowering glume is ratlier
short and scanty, and the awn
is entirely wanting or some-
times 1 mm. long.

Type collected by Dr. L. H. Pam-
mel, Beaver Creek Camp, Colo-
rado, July 8, 1896, altitude
about 3400 meters. This
plant is rather intermediate
between B. pumpeUianas and
B. inermis, but is apparently
an endemic form and belongs
rather with the former than
the latter. The obtuse glumes,
with thin, purple margins,
give the plant a strong resem-

. , .^ , , , , » 1 blance to Melica, whence the

Bromus unioloides : a, empty glumes; b, lateral '

view of a flowering glume. name.

Y. CERATOCHLOA (Beauv.) Benth. & Hook.

«

Spikelit large, i<tr(nif)hi mm presided, and more or less keeled.

29. BROMUS UNIOLOIDES (Willd.) H. B. K. Festuca unioloides Willd. Hort.
Berol. 1 : 'd.pl.ii. 1806. Bronnis unioloides H. B. K. (?) Nov. Gen. et Sp. PI. 1 :
151. 1815. Bromus cartharticus Vahl. (?) Symb. Bot. 2 : 22. 1791. Ceratochloa
pendula Schrad. Linn?ea, 6 : Lift. 72. 1831. Ceratochloa schradtri Kunth, Enum.
PI. 1 : 416. 1833. Ceratochloa brevlarislata Hook. V\. Bor. Am. 2 : 253. 1840.

51

Bromus wilMenmrii Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1 : 134. 1835. Cenilorhlua mbmutica
Stend. (?) Syn. PI. dram. 321. 1S.54. (Fig. 30. )

A rather stout annual, with erect or suberect panicle and strongly compressed oblong-
lanceolate spikelets. Culms glabrous, ab uit 5-10 dm. high. Sheaths usually
pilose-pubescent, sometimes smooth, typically with a tuft of hairs at the l)ase
of the ligule; ligule about 3-4 mm. long, somewhat laciniate on the margin;
blades linear, scabrous on both sides or sparingly pilose-pubescent. Panicle
it,^ualh/ clotigaed <iad narrow pyramidal, 1.5-3.5 dm. long; lower branches 2-4,
short in small forms, to rather long, spreading, or somewhat drooping in the
larger < )nes. Spikelets 2-3. 5 cm. long,
5-9 nun. broad, about 7-il-flowered;
empty glumes broad, subacute, smooth
or slightly scabrous, the lower usually
5-nerved, 7-10 mm. long, the upper
usually 7-nerved, 10-13 mm. long;
flowering glumes broadly lanceolate,
acute, subcoriaceous, subglabrous to
coarsely scabrous, slightly bidentate
at the apex, about 13-16 mm. long,
usually with a short stout awn, rarely
exceeding 2 mm. long ; palea beticeen
one-half and thrff-finirth.'i the length of it-^
glume.

General distribution: .\labamato Califor-
nia and southward. Perhaps intro-
duced throughout most of our range.
Occasionally met with in other South-
ern States.

Type grown at Berlin from seed sent from
Carolina.

Specimens ex.\.mixed. — Alabama: Mont-
gomery (C. Mohr in 1868); Auburn
(Earle & Baker 1502). Loumana:
Calhoun (C. K. Ball 76). Texas: San
Antonio (A. W. Barr 1873) ; Riddle-
ville (W. S. Rucknmn in 1885) . Netv
Mexico: (A. Femller 918 — an imma-
ture plant approaching jB. polyanthus
panicalatus) . Arizona: Pipe Spring
(M. E. Jones 5272i) ; Tucson (J. W.
Toumey 28). California: Kern
County (A. B. Leckenby in 1896) .

Bro)nu.'< catharticusYahl, 1. c, judgingfrom
the original description, is but a mere
form of this species, and Avere it not for the reference to Feuillee's plate (Jour.
Obs. Phys., etc., de 1' Amerique IMerid. & Ind. Occ. 1) as representing the plant,
we should not hesitate about adopting the name; but after examining a tracing
of the plate kindly furnished by Dr. Robinson, we are inclined to think that
there is a mistake, either in our interpretation of Vahl's description, or in his
reference to Feuillee's plate, as that does not represent our plant. ( )nly an exam-
ination of Vahl's type will settle the question conclusively. Bromus submuticus
Steud 1. c, collected at St. Louis, judging from the original description, belongs
here. We have been unable thus far to locate the type specimen, so the matter
still remains in some doubt.

Fig. 31. — Broii/Ks (nii<iloidc< lin'iikiuiin^: a, empty
glumes with two florets; b, dorsal view of a flow-
ering glume.

52

An examination of a spikelet from the type of Cemtochloa breviurislata Hook, proves
conclusively that this is a mere short-awned foi-m of B. unioloides. It is possible
that the locality cited, "on the dry elevated ground of Lewis and Clarkes River,
and near the sources of the Columbia," may be the result of a confusion of labels.
The plant, if found there, must almost certainly have been an adventitious one,
which seems to us scarcely probable at that time — 1826.
This species has been in cultivation so long that its endemic distribution is difficnlt

or impossible to determine.
29a. BROMUS UNIOLOIDES HiENKEANTJS (Presl.) n. comb. Cerdtochlua

hxnkeana C. B. Presl in J. S.
Presl, Reliq. Hsenk. 1: 285.
1828. (Fig. 31.)
An annual or biennial plant differ-
ing from the species in its
smaller size, being about 1.5-5
dm. high, and narrow, erect,
subracemose panicle 5-10 cm.
long, with somewhat smaller
spikelets. The leaves are nar-
row, linear, j^ilose, pubescent,
both sides and sheaths re-
trorsely pilose. Type collected
"in Cordilleris chilensibus,
inque montanis Peruvi;:*."
(General distribution: Florida
to southern California.
:'KciMENS EXAMINED . — Florida :
Madison (R. Combs 247— a
form with somewhat pubes-
cent glumes). Alabama: Mo-
bile ( T. H . Kearney 16) . Texas:
Bexar County ((I. Jermy 229) ;
Hempstead (E. Hall 792); (J.
Reverchon 119 ); Dallas (J.Rev-
erchon 1105) ; Fort Clark (E. A.
Mearns 1273); Corpus Christi
(A. A. Heller 1497). Cali-
fornia: Mentone(J. B. Leiberg
3296 ) . Our specimens are like
specimens from the type collec-
tion in the Bernhardi herba-
rium at the St. Louis Botanical
Gardens (cf. Rept. Mo. Bot.
Gard. 10: pi. 54. /■ I. 1898)
except that the sheaths are
more pilose.

30. BROMUS SUBVEIiUTINUS n.sp. (Fig. 32.)

An erect, tufted perennial. Culm somewhat puberulent above, al)out 2.5-5 dm.
high, deiiMly clotlied at the base with the old sheaths. HheSiihs canescei it ; ligule about
1 mm. long, truncate, laciniate; blades ?2«rrou', linear, rather rigid, hecoming involute,
canescent and also pilose with spreading hairs, those of the culm 4-10 cm. 1( )ng, those
of the innovations longer. Panicle about 5-10 cm. long, narrow, erect, simple,
sometimes bearing Init a single sjiik-elet, or the lower branches in {)airs and about
1-3 cm. long. Spikelets 5-7 flowered, 2-3 cm. long, laterally compressed, becora-

FiG. 32.—Bromus subvdntiiius : a, empty glumes with tw
florets; b, dorsal view of a flowering glume.

58

ing rather turgid at maturity; empty glumes subobtuse, pul")erulent, tlie lower

3-5-nerve<l, 8-10 nun. long, the upper 7-nerved, 10-12 mm. long; flowering glume

appressed-puheyiilint, indistinctly 7-nerved, 12-15 nun. long, with two short,

rather ol)tuse, hyaline teeth and iisfoiif(urn S-4 '»»'• long; palea short |)ectinate-

ciliate on the keels, about 3 mm. shorter than its glume.
Type No. 249, S. M. Tracy, collected at Reno, Nevada, in 1887.
Distribution: Nevada and California.
SpnciMEXs EXAMixED. — Nevada: I.e. ('<iI!forii!a : Grassy mountain slope. Fort Tejon

(S. B. Parish No. 1995).
This plant is most closely related to B. mmr/inalus from which it is distinguished

chiefly by the narrow,

rigid, involute lea\es, ca-

iiescent leaves and sheaths,

and somewhat ciespitose

hal)it. It seems to l)e pecu-

liar to arid regions.

31. BROMUS MARGIN A-

TTJS Nees in Steud. Syn.
PI. Gram. 322. 1854. Bro-
mus hreviaristntns Buckl.
and most auct. anier. Not
Ceratoch loa h r e r I a r I .s- tala
Hook. Bromiis jxntciflo-
riis Nutt. in Herb. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phil. (Fig. 33.)

An erect, tufted, rather
stout, short-lived peren-
nial. C'Ulm 6-12 dm. high,
mostly puberulent or jiu-
bescent. Sheaths pllnsf-
puhesceni; ligule 3-3.5 mm.
long, subrotuufl, laciniate;
blades Ijroad, linear-lanceo-
late, Homeivhat i<i>ari^ely
pilose-pubescent tJiroiigJioiit,
rather rough and coarse,
1.5-2.5 dm. long, 6-12 mm.
wide. Panicle erect, i-ather
narrow, mostly 1-2 dm.
long; luirer brandicx ;i-4,
erect, or somewhat spread-
ing inflou-er, unequal, lowest
rarely more than 7 cm. long
tnid hearing, 2 spihelets.
Spikelets 2.5-4 cm. long,
5-7 mm. wide, oblong-
ovoid to ol)long-lanceolate, laterally compressed, somewhat turgid at maturity,
mostly 7-9-flowered, erect or ascending, the uppermost subsessile; empty glumes,
rather broad, scabrous to scabrous-ptihescent; the lower subacute, 3-5-nerved, mostly
7-9 mm. long; the upper broader, obtuse, 9-11 mm. long, 5-7-nerved, the lateral
nerves broad; flowering glume, subcoriaceous, coarsely pidiescent, ovate-lanceolate,
acute, 11-14 mm. long, mostly 7-nerved, with two very short hyaline, mbacute
teeth atthe apex and a- rather stout straight awn 4-7 mm. long ; palea ciliate-pectinate
on the keels, almost or (juite equaling its glume.

Fk;. '.^:i. — Bromus maj-ginatus : a, empty glumes with three
florets; 6, dorsal view of a flowering glume.

54

Type collected by Douglas "on the Columbia River, St. Louis'." The reference to
8t. Louis is evidently either an error or else refers to some locality on the
Columbia not at present recognized in our atlases.

General distribution: Arizona and Colorado to Alberta and west to the Pacific.

Specimens examined. — Arizona: (Dr. E. Palmer in 1869; 535 in 1876); Grand Can-
yon, (D. T. McDougal 181); Tucson (J. W. Tourney 752^). Colorado: (C. S.
Crandall 523). Wf/omltuj : Sundance (T. A. Williams 2611, 2612, and Griffiths
434, 911); Meeteetse Creek (T. A. Williams 2904); Bear Lodge (Williams
2655a); Little Laramie River (Williams 2322, 2230, and Aven Nelson 3333);
Powder River (T. A. Williams 2799); Spring Creek (T. A. Williams 2813J,
J. N. Rose 698); Sherman (G. W. Letterman 81); Parkman (Aven Nelson
2457); Sheridan (L. H. Pammel 1897); Hewlett (D. Griffiths 932); Beulah
(Griffiths 970); Little Missouri Buttes (D. Griffiths 585); Medicine Bow River
(A. Nelson 4073). Yellowfttone National Park: Soda Butte (F. Tweedy 586).
Mo7itana: Bozeman (C. L. Shear 449, P. A. Rydberg 3006, 3000); Lima (C. L.
Shear 569, P. A. Rydberg 2314); Mystic Lake (P. A. Rydberg 2247); Boulder
Creek (F. Lamson-Scribner 4); Castle (P. A. Rydberg 3252, 3259); Spanish
Creek Basin (P. A. Rydberg 3109, T. A. Williams 2007, 2039); Dry Fork Belt
Creek (P. A. Rydberg 3355 ) ; Deer Lodge (P. A. Rydberg 2119, C. L. Shear 378);
Manhattan (C. L. Shear 415); Columbia Falls (R. S. Williams 604). Alherfa :
St. Mary's River (J. Macoun 13038). Britisli Coluinhia : Lower Frazer River,
49° north latitude (Dr. Lyall in 1859). Idaho: Nez Perces County (Sand-
berg, Heller, and McDougal 331); Hatwai Creek (L. F. Henderson 2828).
Waffhinglon: (Sandberg & Leiberg 450); Pullman County (A. D. E. Elmer 253);
Yakima (A. B. Leckenby 1898); Blue Mountains (C. V. Piper 2565); Columbia
River, Klickitat County (W. N. Suksdorf 174); Waitsburg (R. M. Horner 568);
Walla Walla (C. L. Shear 1593). Oregon: Elgin (C. L. Shear 1734); east side
Harney Valley (J. B. Leiberg 2370); above Wallowa Lake (C. L. Shear 1803);
Gearhart (C. L. Shear 1695, W. C. Cusick 650a). Nerada : Diamond Mountains
(S. Watson 1327); Virginia Mountains (S. Watson 1326); Reno (S. M. Tracy
224). California: (J. G. Lemmon 1875); San Francisco (F. Lamson-Scribner
in 1899); Mission Hills (Michener and Bioletti 123).

The original description of the above species, which is quoted in full l)elow, applies
so well to the specimens referred to, that taken in connection with some other
circumstances, we feel little hesitation in taking it up. So fai" as we know, it has
not Ijefore been recognized, except by Fournier (Mex. PI. 2: 127) , who seems to
have somewhat misinterpreted it.

The plant has been generally referred to Bromus breviari status (Hook.) Buckl. 1. c.
It is the same as the specimen of Bromus jiaiiciforus Nutt. in Herb. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phil., upon which B. hreriaristitfns Bui;kl. was founded. Hooker appears
to have included it in his Ceratochloa hreviaristata, as there is a spikelet of it in the
Gray Herbarium, which Dr. Gray has marked "original spec." The distribution
of this plant by Hooker under the name hreviaristata led Torrey, Gray, and
Thurber to a misinteri)retation of the species, for as already mentioned under
B. n7iiolo'ides, Hooker's drawing and type clearly belong to that species.

.We have been unable as yet to locate Nees's type specimen; but the fact that Hooker
distributed this plant from Douglas's collection, taken in connection with the fact
as shown in a season's work in the region of the Columbia that this species and
its varieties are the most common bromes met with, there is left little doubt that
we have the i:)lant Nees described.

This species is quite variable. Toward the north it jjasses into B. aleuteusls Trin.,
and southward into B. polyanthus, while near the Pacific coast it passes through
var. latior into B. cdritiatus.

55

Index Kewensis gives this as a synonym of B. ciliatus L., but this is evidently a

mistake. The following is the original description taken from Steudel 1. c. :
'^Bromus marginatus Nees (mpt. sub. : Ceratochloa) .
"Foliis vaginisque hirsutis; panieul;e erectie stricta? radiis subsimplioibns; spiculis

oblongo-lanceolatis compressis utrinque fonvexis pubescenti-scabris 0-8-floris;

seta valvula sua 7-nervia duplo breviore. 11 Douglas legit ad fluv. Columbia

St. Louis."

31 r. BROMTJS MAflGINATUS LATIOR n. var.

A larger and .stouter plant than the species, sometimes reaching 17 or 18 dm. higli.
Panicle larger, 2-3 dm. long, with longest lower branches 10-20 cm. long, awn
usually slightly longer, sometimes reaching 6 or 7 mm. Otherwise like the
species.

Type No. 1615, collected by C. L. Shear, Walla Walla, Wasliington.

General distribution about the same as for tiie species, but in lower altitudes, being
most common in the foothills and valleys down to about 1,600 meters.

Specimens examined. — New Mexico: Santa Fe (Dr. George Vasey). Utah: Springdale
(M. E. Jones 5242) . Colorado : Ft. Collins ( L. H. Pammel ) . Arizona : Little Lar-
amie River (T. A.Williams 2233). Wi/otiung: Bozeman (C. L. Shear 476; P. A.
Rydberg 2213); no locality (J. W. Blankinship); Sheep Creek (P. A. Rydberg
3308; F^ L. Scribner 16); Spanish Creek (P. A. Rydberg 3337); East Gallatin
Swamp ( P. A. Rydberg 3171 ) ; Spear Basin (P. A. Rydberg 3155) . Llaho : head of
Little Potlatch River (•Sandl)erg, Heller, & McDougal 434, 331) ; Lewiston (A. A.
& E. G. Heller 3202); Moscow (L. F. Henderson 2829); St. Josephs River (J. B.
Leiberg 1298) . Wa.'<hliu/f<m : Walla Walla (C. L. Shear 1615); Pullman (C. V.
Piper 1738). Oregon: (W. C. Cusick650); Prineville (J. B. Leiberg 314). Cali-
fornia: (J. G. Lemmon).

This plant has been collected by wool waste heaps at North Berwick, JNIaine. It is
also escaped from cultivation about Ames, Iowa, from which place it is repre-
sented in the herbarium by C. R. Ball's Nos. 33 and 148.

Forms of this plant in Oregon and Washington connect with B. carinatus hookerianus,
which is generally distinguished by its smoother spikelets and longer awns.

31/i. BROMUS MARGINATUS SEMINUDUS n. var.

This differs from the species in the following particulars: Usually more leafy, but
less pubescent or, in some cases, nearly smooth throughout; spikelets with empty
glumes glabrous or slightly scabrous on the nerves; flowering glumes somewhat
scabrous or scabrous-puberulent.

Type No. 1811 C. L. Shear, collected on open mountain side 5 miles above Wallowa
Lake, Oregon.

Distriliution alxiut the same as for the species.

Specimens examined. — Utah: Santa Clara (M. E. Jones 5118b); Ogden (T. A. AVil-
liams 2477; S. M. Tracy 322). Wyoming: Sherman (L. H. Pammel) ; Bear Lodge
(T. A. Williams 2648, 2633); Sundance (D. Griffiths 984); Spread Creek (F.
Tweedy 64). Idaho: Beaver Canyon (C. L. Shear 573); Forks of Boise River
(L. F. Henderson 3271). Yellowstone National Park: (J. N. Rose 222). Montana:
Spanish Creek (P. A. Rydberg 3028, 3104); Gallatin County (F. Tweedy);
BridgerPass (P. A. Rydberg 3219); Bozeman (P. A. Rydberg 2233^ ) . AsKiniboia:
Cypress Hills (J. 3Iacoun 13040). Washington: (G. R. Vasey; Kirk Whited 2,
4); Montesano (A. A. & E. G. Heller 3979). Oregon: Mountains above Wal-
lowa Lake (C. L. Shear 1811, 1789, 1777, 1785, 1803, 1810, 1794, 1815, 1766, 1775,
1796); Wallowa Lake (C. L. Shear 1751, 1762); Hood River (L. F. Henderson);
Hoover Creek (J. B. Leiberg 138); Government Meadows, Blue Mountains (C.
L. Shear 1668, 1666); Blue Mountains (C. L. Shear 1679, 1688, 1674); Cathedral

56

Rooks, Crater Lake (Coville & Leiberg 379); Raveiia (A. B. Leckenby); Portland
(B. Killin); Grants Pass (T. Howell 251); hills northwest of Corvallis (M.
Craig). California: (J. G. Lennnon 438; C. A. Purpus 5421); Donner Lake
(L. H. Pammel); San Jacinto Mountains (H. M. Hall 785); mountains south
of Dixie Valley (J. B. Davy); no locality (Vasey).
This form is the connecting link between B. marr/inaius and B. polyanthufi. It, like
the species, is a mountain plant extending up to about 3000 meters altitude or
somewhat higher. In the lower altitudes the panicle tends to become longer

and laxer, passing into va-
riety lafinr.

32. BROMUS POLYANTHUS

Scribn. nom. nov. Bromus
multiflorus Scribn. T'. S. Dept.
Agr. Div. Agrost. Bui. 13: 46.
1898. Not Weig. 1772, et al.
(Fig. 34.)

A rather stout, erect, short-lived
perennial. Culm smor)th or
puberulent at the nodes, mo.st-
ly 6-10 dm. high. Sheaths
typically KmootJi, rarely sparse-
ly pilose; ligule about 2 mm.
long, rounded, su ben tire;
Ijlades linear-lanceolate, mostly
scabrous, especially above. Pan-
icle elongate, erect, branches
usually short and erect or
slightly spreading. Spikelets
mostly 3-3.5 cm. long, later-
ally compressed, carinate,
rather densely 7-11 flowered;
empty glumes broad, snmotJi
or somewhat scabroas,the\ov;er
3-nerved, rather obtuse or
subacute, 6-8 mm. long, the
upper 5-7 nerved, umst ob-
tuse, 9-11 nun. long; flower-
ing glume 7 nerved, 13-15
mm. long, smooth, or scabrous,
rather obtuse, emarginate
with a broad, hyaline mar-
gin; awn 4-6 mm. long; \>a'u a
a little shorter than its gin .
Type No. 4024, collected l)y Aven Nelson at Battle Lake, Sierra Madre Mountain.-,

Wyoming.
General distribution: Colorado and Utah north to Montana and Oregon.
Specimens examined. — Colorado: Glenwood Springs (Shear & Bessey 1300) ; Buffalo
Pass (Shear & Bessey 1434, 1474, 1484); Yampa (Shear & Bessey 1421); Red
Dirt Divide, Routt County (Shear & Bessey 1347, 1362, 1385) ; near Pallas (Shear
& Bessey 1411); Middle Park (G. Vasey) ; Robinson (C.L. Shear 1045); Rabbit
Ears Pass(C. F. Baker 4). Utah: Logan (P. A. Rydberg 2.347) ; Alta (M. E.Jones
1111) ; Fairview (M. E. Jones 5554m) . Idaho: Beaver Canyon (C. L. Shear 596;

Fm.M.— Bromus polyantttus: a, empty glumes with two
florets; b, dorsal view of a flowering glume.

57

p. A. Rydberg 2342); Montpelier (T. A. Williams 2558). Wjioming: Bear Tooth

Mountains (W. H. Forwood); Bear Lodge Mountains (T. A. Williams 2619);

Jacksons Lake (W. H. Forwood); Elk Mountain (A. Nelson 4098); Buffalo Fork

(F. Tweedy 65) ; Rife's Ranch (A. Nelson 3759, 3827) ; Seminole Mountains (A.

Nelson 4921) ; Sierra Madre Mountains (A. Nelson 4035). Montana: Lima (C. L.

Shear 560^) . Oregon : Powder River Mountains (C. V. Piper 2529).
The above species is very closely related to B. marginatus, into which it passes and of

which it should perhaps be regarded as a variety. It differs chiefly from the

typical form of B. niar-

ginatus in being smooth-
er throughout.
32a. BROMTJS POLY-
ANTHUS PANICTJ-

LATUS n. var. (Fig.

35.)
A rather tall, leafy plant

with a larger, laxer,

more spreading j>anicle

than the species and

having the upper part

somewhat nodding.

The leaves are rather

broader and the spike-
lets slightly narrower,

with the florets rather

looser in flower and the

awn sometimes reach-
ing 7 mm. long.
Type No. 333 Tracy, Earle,

and Baker, collected in

West Mancos Canyon,

Colorado, altitndeabout

3,000 meters.
Specimens examined. — Col-
orado : West Mancos

Canyon (Baker, Earle

and Tracy 333); Trim-
ble Springs (Baker,

Earle & Tracy 4301);

Parrott (Baker, Flarle

& Tracy 4297) ; Buffalo

Pass (Shear & Bessey

1493); Sheep Horn Di- Fig. S^.—Bromvn alentensis: a, empty glumes with two florets;

vide (Shear & Bessey ''■ '^"^sal view of a flowering glume.

1552) ; La Veta (C. L.

Shear 812). Utah: Gunnison (L. F. Ward 286). Arizona: Straw1)erry Creek

(D. T. McDougal 707).
This plant bears the same relation to the species that B. margina.tH.<i latior does to its

species. Its distribution is more southern in general and most frequent in lower

altitudes.
33. BROMUS ALEUTENSIS Trin. Griseb. in Ledeb. Flor. Ross. 4 : 361. 1853.

(Fig. 35.)
A rather tall, stout perennial, with a lax, suherect panicle and broad, linear-lanceolate

leaves. Culms 5-10 dm. high, erect, stout, usually slightly pubescent just below

58

the nodes ; internodes generally 3 to 4. Sheaths usually equaling or exceeding
the internodes, coarsely striate, usually sparsely retrorsely pilose ; ligule 4-5 mm.
long, subrotund above, somewhat laciniate ; blades mostly 20-35 cm. long, usually
sparsely pilose on both sides. Panicle, 12-20 cm. long; lower branches i-:?, bear-
ing 1-3 Kpikelets someirltat nodding, becoming more or less rigid and erect when
old. Spikelets oblong-lanceolate, compressed, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, 7-9 nun. broail,
3-6-fiowered ; empty glumes broad, subequal, the lower distinctly 3-nerved, sulj-
acute, upper distinctly 5 or obscurely 7 nerved, obtuse, 10-13 mm. long, usually
scabrous, especially on the nerves; flowering gltniir broadly lanceolate distiudlg

7-nemed, with a br<jad
membranous margin,
smooth to scabrous-
pubescent, averaging about
15 mm. long, bidentate at
the apex, awned ; awn
stout, scabrous, mostly
9-11 mm. long; palea
nearly equaling its glume,
acute, ciliate-pectinate on
the keels. Pachilla thin-
ly pubescent, about 3
mm. long.

General distribution: Atka
and Unalaska.

Type in Herb. Le<lebour from
Unalaska, collectetl by
Eschscholtz.

Specimens examined. — I'na-
htska ( W. H. Evans 550 in
1897; Dr. A. Kellogg 142
in 1867; S. Applegate, no
number or date; M. W.
Harrington in 1871-72).
AtJ:a (L. M. Turner 1194
in 1880).

This species is very closely
related to B. marginatus.
The <jriginal description
says "spikes glabrous,"
])ut we have amended it
to include forms having
scabrous-pubescent flow-
ering glumes. Such
forms coming from St.
Petersburg Herb, and
evidently determined by Trinius are in the Gray Herb. We have seen no speci-
mens witli i^erfectly glabrous spikelets.

34. BROMUS SITCHENSIS Bong. Obs. Veg. Sitch. 173. 1831. (Fig. 36.)

A tall, stout, leafy perennial. Culm smooth, nearly erect, 12-18 dm. high. Sheaths
shorter than the internodes, .^mootli; ligule large, rounded entire or somewhat
torn, 3-5 nun. long; hVddes linear-lunceolate, 2-4 dm. long, 1-lJ mm. broad, ajxir.sely

Fig. 3G. — Brojiniii fitchaiyis: «, empty {,lLmvs with two florets
showing the palese; 6, dorsal view of a flowering glume.

59

short-pUose above, smooth beneath. Panicle large, lax, drooping, 2.5-3.5 dm. long;
lower branclie.'^ 2-4, long, weak, spreading, usuallg bearing 1-3 spikeleti^ on long, slender
pedicels. Spikelets 2.5-3 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, oblong-lanceolate, strongly lat-
erally compressed, rather loosely flowered ; empty glumes acute, smooth or scab-
rous on the nerves, the lower lanceolate, 3-nerved, 8-9 mm. long, the upper
broader, 5-7 nerved, 10-12 mm. long; flowering glume broadly lanceolate, acute,
about 12-14 mm. long, 7-nerved, smooth or scabrous, shortly bidentate at the
apex, with a straight aim 6-9 mm. long ; palea considerably shorter than its glume,
short pectinate-ciliate on the keels.

Type from the Island of Sitka.

General distribution: Alaska
south to Washington, appar-
ently near the coast.

Specimens examined. — A laska:
Unalaska (Dr. A. Kellogg
142); Hope Island (Dr. A.
Kellogg 143); YesBay(Thos.
Howell 1722A)— a form ap-
proaching B. aleutensis in its
shorter awn and somewhat
broader flowering glume.
Cascade Mountains : 49 n. lat.
(Dr. Lyall in 1859)— a form
approaching B. c a r i n at u s
hookerianus.

This species is related to B. aleu-
tensis and B. carinaius hook-
erianus, but most closely to
the latter, from which it dif-
fers in the typical form in its
more robust form, laxer pani-
cle with fewer spikelets and
much longer, weaker, si)read-
ing branches.

35. BROMUS CARINATUS
Hook. &; Arn. Bot. Beech.
Voy. Suppl. 403. 1841. Bro-
■mus hookerianus minor Scril)n.
in Beal, Grass. N. A. 2 : 614.
1896. Bromus Oregon us Nutt.
in Herb. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.
(Fig. 37.)

An annual or biennial with erect
(ulin, linear leaves, and erect
or suberect panicle. Culm about 5-8 dm. high, slightly pubescent at the nodes.
Sheaths mostly shorter than the nodes, retrorsely soft pilose; ligule 3-4 mm. long,
sublaciniate; blades flat, mostly narrow, about 1-2.5 dm. long, 3-6 mm. broad, tliinly
pilose both sides. Panicle pyramidal, somewhat lax, about 1.5-2.5 dm. long; lower
branches about 3, spreading, or somewhat drooping. Spikelets lanceolate to
suboblong-lanceolate, compressed, about 2.5-3 cm. long and 5 mm. broad, 5-9 flow-
ered; empty glumes Zanceofate, acide, glabrous to slightly scabrous-pubescent; the lower
distinctly 3 or sometimes obscurely 5 nerved, 7-9 mm. long; the upper 5 or some-
times obscurely 7 nerved, 9-11 nmi. long; flowering glume lanceolate, obscurely

Fig. 37. — Bromus carinatuii: a, empty glumes with three
florets; b, dorsal view of a flowering glume.

60

7-nerve(i, puJterulent or short.-pnhi'ftrent, about LS-IO mm. lonjj, hifhl at Hie apex
(dill iiipi'muj into (in aim 7-10 mm. loiu/; palea nearly equaling its glume, ciliate-
pectinate on the keels; rachilla slender, somewhat pubescent, about :! nun. long.

General distribution: Nevada, California, Oregon, and Washington.

Type collected by Douglas near Monterey or San Francisco, California.

Specimens examined. — Neixtda: St. Thomas Canyon (M. E. Jones 50H9x in 1S94).
Washington: western Klickitat County (W. N. Suksdorf 178 in 1S85); Walla
Walla (C. L. Shear 1579 in 1889); Fair Haven (C. V. Piper 2H07 in 1897);
Taconia (A. B. Leckenby in 1898). Oregon: Eight Dollar Mountain (T. How-
ell in 1884, distributed as Bromm hookerianus minor Scribn. ; 252 in 1887, large
form with broad spikelets and glumes approaching B. marginatum); McMinnville
(C. L. Shear 1617 in 1899). CcdiforiiUi : Santa Cruz (C. L. Anderson 128 in
1889); no locality (C. L. Anderson 120 in 1888; 76 in 1888; 9(5 in 1888— this
specimen is about identical with specimens in the Gray herbarium from Doug-
las's collection which are evidently typical; 109 in 1888); Bear Valley, San
Bernardino Mountains (S. B. Parish 3298 in 1894); San Bernardino Valley (S.
B. and AV. F. Parish 1534 in 1882); San Gorgonio (S. B. and W. F. Parish 1533—
this is a rather broad-leafed, very robust form); San Diego (C. R. Orcutt 1178
in 1884; 511 in 1884); San Jose (Mrs. Bush in 1880); San Luis Obispo (Mrs.
Summers); Mendocino County (J. W. Blankinship 35 in 1893) ; near Mendocino
(H. E. Brown 747 in 1898); San Diego County (G. R. Vasey in 1880); Mariposa
County (J. W. Congdon in 1895); Sonoma (E. Samuels 222); (J. M. Bigelow,
Whipple expedition collection in 1853-54); Mount Hamilton (C. Putter 92 in
1895); near INIount Shasta (E. Palmer 2626 in 1892— this is the form which
Nuttall called Bnmmn oregoniift; it differs from typical B. (■anriatun in its somewhat
broader glumes and slightly denser pubescence); southeastern California ( E.
Palmer 546 in 1896); New York Falls (Geo. Hansen 627); Berkeley (J. Burtt
Davy 204 in 1893); Kellogg and Harford 1113 in 1868 and 1869); Los Angeles
(S. M. Tracy 168 in 1887); Laguna (L. Schoenfeldt 3624 in 1894).

35rr. BROMUS CARINATUS CALIFORNICTJS (Nutt.) n. (•(.nib. Bromits
califomicus 'Nutt. in Herb. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil.

A form intermediate between typical B. rarinafu-'^ and B. cnrinafn.^ Iindkcrkwui^. Dif-
fering from the former in its nearly smooth leaves and sheaths and its flowering
glumes merely scabrous. From the latter it differs in its narrower spikelets and
glumes.

Nuttall's specimen in the Philadelphia Academy herbarium labeled "u. Calif." is a
mere scrap showing only two small ]>anicles from different ]>lants and having a
few small upper leaves. This form must be near li. Jionkcrl sHiajfneri Fourn,
judging from his description.

The following specimens from southern and Lower California have been referred to
this variety. Loirer Calif ornia: Todos Santos Bay (Miss F. E. Fish 12); Potrero
Valley (C. R. Orcutt, in 1889). California: San Diego (D. Cleveland 13); (C. R.
Orcutt 511a).

35^. BROMUS CARINATUS HOOKERIANUS (Thurb.) n. cond). Bmmns
hookerianns Thurb. in Wilkes U. S. Exp. Exped. 17-: 493. 1874. Ceraiodiloa
grandifl(n-a Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2 : 253. 1840. Bmmns rirens Buckl. Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 98. 1862. Not B. nnioloides virens Nees, Agrost. Braz. 470.
1829. Bromiis vitens Nutt. in Herb. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. (Fig. 38.)

A robust plant, larger in all its parts than the species. Panicles erect, 2-4 dm. long;
branches spreading. Spikelets 5-10 flowered, 3-4 cm. long, 5-7 mm. broad;
empty glumes slightly broader and less ai'ute than in the species; flowering
glumes also broader and scabrous with a broad hyaline margin and an awn 10-15
mm. long.

61

General distribution: California to Washington and Idaho. Type in the herbarium

of the Royal Gardens, Kew, England, collected on the "plains of the Columbia."
Specimens examined. — California: San Jose (ex herb. State Normal School); Ojai

Valley (F. W. Hubby 36). Oregon: Gearhart (C. L. Shear 1734i, a form

approaching B. marginatiis); near Rhea Creek (J. B. Leiberg 65); (W. C. Cusick

1:521). Washington : Klii'kitat County (W. N. Suksdorf 16) ; Seattle (C. V. Piper

and E. C. Smith 944); (C. V. Piper 818). Idaho: Valley of Clearwater River

(Sand})erg, Heller & McDougal 166).
This \ariety passes by various intermediate tonus into the species and also into B.

inargitiatas. It is so inconstant

in character that it does not

seem advisable to try to hold it

to specific rank. Through the

kindness of Sir W. T. Thiselton-

Dyer, director of Kew Gardens,

we ha^■e been permitted to

examine a spikelet from the

original specimen collected l^y

Douglas on "Upland dry soils

on the ^lultoonah (Oregon)

1826." This leaves no doubt 'as

to the form which Hooker took

as the type of his Ceraiochdoa

grand iflora.

35 r. BROMTJS CARINATUS
DENSTJS n. var.

A tall, stout, erect plant, withadense
panicle 3 dm. long. It differs
from the species in its stouter
habit, smoother leaves and
sheaths, the leaves Ijeing smooth
or merely scabrous, and the
panicle with numerous rays,
some of the lower being com-
pound and bearing many spike-
lets. The spikelets are narrow,
2-2.5 cm. long, with the florets
subdistant, showing the slender